Development and Validation of the Parental Involvement Scale (PIS)
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Published
Dec 15, 2023
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Abstract
This study presents the development and validation of an evaluation instrument aimed at assessing parents’ involvement in their children’s education, utilizing a two-phase approach. During the development stage, items were meticulously generated through literature reviews and interviews, followed by a rigorous validation process by experts who carefully recognized each item, considering both content and expression. The validation stage involved piloting the instrument with 27 respondents, resulting in high reliability. Subsequently, using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on responses from 310 high school parents, the construct validity revealed 33 components out of 60, ultimately culminating in four distinct constructs: parental love and guidance (15 items), parent-teacher communication (8 items), participation in school activities (6 items), and parental satisfaction (4 items). The convergence of these constructs facilitates active parental involvement and enhances positive learning experiences. Further validation and confirmation of the developed parental involvement scale for flexible learning is recommended for future research.
Keywords: Parental Involvement Scale (PIS), Evaluation Tool, Exploratory Sequential Mixed-methods Approach
References
Abujabbor, R., Khayam, M., & Nurali, I. (2019). The Role of Parent Love in Child Education. ВЕСТНИК ТАДЖИКСКОГО НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, 6, 263-267. Retrieved from https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43045475
Antunez, B. (2000). When Everyone is Involved: Parents and Communities in School Reform. In Framing Effective Practice: Topics and Issues in the Education of English Language Learners (pp. 53–59). Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.
Bartolome, M. T., Mamat, N., & Masnan, A. H. (2017). Parental Involvement in the Philippines: A Review of Literatures. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Care, 6, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.37134/saecj.vol6.5.2017
Becker, D. F., McGlashan, T. H., & Grilo, C. M. (2006). Exploratory Factor Analysis of Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria in Hospitalized Adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(2), 99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.07.003
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent–adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Bireda, A. D., & Pillay, J. (2018). Perceived Parent–child Communication and Well-being Among Ethiopian Adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1299016
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic Analysis. In H. Cooper (Ed.), APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol. 2, Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological (pp. 57–71). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
Cahapay, M. B. (2021). Involvement of Parents in Remote Learning of Children Amid COVID-19 Crisis in the Philippines: A Transcendental Phenomenology. International Journal of Sociology of Education, 10(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.17583/rise.2021.7317
Callaman, R. A. (2022). Development and Validation of OBE-based Syllabus Evaluation Tool. Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.57200/apjsbs.v20i0.281
Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. L., & Hanson, W. E. (2003). Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In A. Tashakkori, & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research (pp. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Dawson, A. E., & Wymbs, B. T. (2016). Validity and Utility of the Parent–teacher Relationship Scale–II. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(8), 751–764. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915627027
Desimone, L. (1999). Linking Parent Involvement with Student Achievement: Do Race and Income Matter? The Journal of Educational Research, 93(1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220679909597625
DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (5th ed.). California: Sage Publications.
Đurišić, M., & Bunijevac, M. (2017). Parental Involvement as a Important Factor for Successful Education. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 7(3), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.291
Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing Educators and Improving Schools. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Sheldon, S. B., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., ... Williams, K. J. (2018). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3cmb6re9
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Goodall, J. (2022). A Framework for Family Engagement: Going Beyond the Epstein Framework. Wales Journal of Education, 24(2), 74-96. https://doi.org/10.16922/wje.24.2.5
Grace, M., & Gerdes, A. C. (2019). Parent-teacher Relationships and Parental Involvement in Education in Latino Families. Contemporary School Psychology, 23, 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-018-00218-9
Gray, J. A., & DiLoreto, M. (2016). The Effects of Student Engagement, Student Satisfaction, and Perceived Learning in Online Learning Environments. NCPEA International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 11(1), 1-20. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1103654
Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. L. (1994). Parents’ Involvement in Children’s Schooling: A Multidimensional Conceptualization and Motivational Model. Child Development, 65(1), 237-252. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131378
Hampden-Thompson, G., & Galindo, C. (2015). Family Structure Instability and the Educational Persistence of Young People in England. British Educational Research Journal, 41(5), 749–766. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3179
Kimaro, A. R., & Machumu, H. J. (2015). Impacts of Parental Involvement in School Activities on Academic Achievement of Primary School Children. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(8), 483-494. Retrieved from http://www.ijern.com/journal/2015/August-2015/40.pdf
Masabo, S. L. P., Muchopa, S. E. D., & Kuoth, W. B. G. (2017). Parental Involvement in School Activities in Kibondo District, Tanzania: Challenges and Remedies. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(10), 89-96. Retrieved from https://www.ijern.com/journal/2017/October-2017/08.pdf
Myende, P. E., & Nhlumayo, B. S. (2022). Enhancing Parent–teacher Collaboration in Rural Schools: Parents’ Voices and Implications for Schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 25(3), 490-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1731764
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Petrash, E., & Sidorova, T. (2019, May 21). Experience in the Implementation of the Parental Enlightenment Program “Axioms of Parental Love”. In Society. Integration. Education, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Volume II, 24-25 May 2019 (pp. 409-419). https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol2.3802
Reparaz, C., & Sotés-Elizalde, M. A. (2019). Parental Involvement in Schools in Spain and Germany: Evidence from PISA 2015. International Journal of Educational Research, 93, 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.10.001
Salehizadeh, M. I., & Abbasi, N. (2021). The Role of Parental Love in the Mental Health of Children from the Perspective of the Qur’an and Hadith. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(7), 752-762. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i7.2949
Shao, M., He, W., Zhao, L., & Su, Y.-S. (2022). The Influence of Parental Involvement on Parent Satisfaction: The Moderating Effect of Parental Educational Level and the Number of Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 752802. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752802
Tus, J. (2021). Amidst the Online Learning in the Philippines: The Parental Involvement and its Relationship to the Student’s Academic Performance. International Engineering Journal for Research & Development, 6(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14776347.v1
UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. (2018, May 17). Could Families be the Key to Achieving the SDGs? Retrieved from https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/1815-could-families-be-the-key-to-achieving-the-sdgs.html
Wang, M.-T., & Sheikh-Khalil, S. (2014). Does Parental Involvement Matter for Student Achievement and Mental Health in High School? Child Development, 85(2), 610-625. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12153
Wei, F., & Ni, Y. (2023). Parent Councils, Parent Involvement, and Parent Satisfaction: Evidence from Rural Schools in China. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(1), 198–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220968166
Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
Yosef, Hasmalena, & Sucipto, S. D. (2020). Parental Self-efficacy in Educating Elementary School Children. International Conference on Elementary Education, 2(1), 977-985. Retrieved from http://proceedings.upi.edu/index.php/icee/article/view/709
Antunez, B. (2000). When Everyone is Involved: Parents and Communities in School Reform. In Framing Effective Practice: Topics and Issues in the Education of English Language Learners (pp. 53–59). Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.
Bartolome, M. T., Mamat, N., & Masnan, A. H. (2017). Parental Involvement in the Philippines: A Review of Literatures. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Care, 6, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.37134/saecj.vol6.5.2017
Becker, D. F., McGlashan, T. H., & Grilo, C. M. (2006). Exploratory Factor Analysis of Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria in Hospitalized Adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(2), 99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.07.003
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent–adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Bireda, A. D., & Pillay, J. (2018). Perceived Parent–child Communication and Well-being Among Ethiopian Adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1299016
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic Analysis. In H. Cooper (Ed.), APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol. 2, Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological (pp. 57–71). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
Cahapay, M. B. (2021). Involvement of Parents in Remote Learning of Children Amid COVID-19 Crisis in the Philippines: A Transcendental Phenomenology. International Journal of Sociology of Education, 10(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.17583/rise.2021.7317
Callaman, R. A. (2022). Development and Validation of OBE-based Syllabus Evaluation Tool. Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.57200/apjsbs.v20i0.281
Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. L., & Hanson, W. E. (2003). Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In A. Tashakkori, & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research (pp. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Dawson, A. E., & Wymbs, B. T. (2016). Validity and Utility of the Parent–teacher Relationship Scale–II. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(8), 751–764. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915627027
Desimone, L. (1999). Linking Parent Involvement with Student Achievement: Do Race and Income Matter? The Journal of Educational Research, 93(1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220679909597625
DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (5th ed.). California: Sage Publications.
Đurišić, M., & Bunijevac, M. (2017). Parental Involvement as a Important Factor for Successful Education. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 7(3), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.291
Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing Educators and Improving Schools. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Sheldon, S. B., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., ... Williams, K. J. (2018). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3cmb6re9
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Goodall, J. (2022). A Framework for Family Engagement: Going Beyond the Epstein Framework. Wales Journal of Education, 24(2), 74-96. https://doi.org/10.16922/wje.24.2.5
Grace, M., & Gerdes, A. C. (2019). Parent-teacher Relationships and Parental Involvement in Education in Latino Families. Contemporary School Psychology, 23, 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-018-00218-9
Gray, J. A., & DiLoreto, M. (2016). The Effects of Student Engagement, Student Satisfaction, and Perceived Learning in Online Learning Environments. NCPEA International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 11(1), 1-20. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1103654
Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. L. (1994). Parents’ Involvement in Children’s Schooling: A Multidimensional Conceptualization and Motivational Model. Child Development, 65(1), 237-252. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131378
Hampden-Thompson, G., & Galindo, C. (2015). Family Structure Instability and the Educational Persistence of Young People in England. British Educational Research Journal, 41(5), 749–766. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3179
Kimaro, A. R., & Machumu, H. J. (2015). Impacts of Parental Involvement in School Activities on Academic Achievement of Primary School Children. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(8), 483-494. Retrieved from http://www.ijern.com/journal/2015/August-2015/40.pdf
Masabo, S. L. P., Muchopa, S. E. D., & Kuoth, W. B. G. (2017). Parental Involvement in School Activities in Kibondo District, Tanzania: Challenges and Remedies. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(10), 89-96. Retrieved from https://www.ijern.com/journal/2017/October-2017/08.pdf
Myende, P. E., & Nhlumayo, B. S. (2022). Enhancing Parent–teacher Collaboration in Rural Schools: Parents’ Voices and Implications for Schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 25(3), 490-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1731764
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Petrash, E., & Sidorova, T. (2019, May 21). Experience in the Implementation of the Parental Enlightenment Program “Axioms of Parental Love”. In Society. Integration. Education, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Volume II, 24-25 May 2019 (pp. 409-419). https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol2.3802
Reparaz, C., & Sotés-Elizalde, M. A. (2019). Parental Involvement in Schools in Spain and Germany: Evidence from PISA 2015. International Journal of Educational Research, 93, 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.10.001
Salehizadeh, M. I., & Abbasi, N. (2021). The Role of Parental Love in the Mental Health of Children from the Perspective of the Qur’an and Hadith. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(7), 752-762. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i7.2949
Shao, M., He, W., Zhao, L., & Su, Y.-S. (2022). The Influence of Parental Involvement on Parent Satisfaction: The Moderating Effect of Parental Educational Level and the Number of Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 752802. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752802
Tus, J. (2021). Amidst the Online Learning in the Philippines: The Parental Involvement and its Relationship to the Student’s Academic Performance. International Engineering Journal for Research & Development, 6(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14776347.v1
UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. (2018, May 17). Could Families be the Key to Achieving the SDGs? Retrieved from https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/1815-could-families-be-the-key-to-achieving-the-sdgs.html
Wang, M.-T., & Sheikh-Khalil, S. (2014). Does Parental Involvement Matter for Student Achievement and Mental Health in High School? Child Development, 85(2), 610-625. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12153
Wei, F., & Ni, Y. (2023). Parent Councils, Parent Involvement, and Parent Satisfaction: Evidence from Rural Schools in China. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(1), 198–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220968166
Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
Yosef, Hasmalena, & Sucipto, S. D. (2020). Parental Self-efficacy in Educating Elementary School Children. International Conference on Elementary Education, 2(1), 977-985. Retrieved from http://proceedings.upi.edu/index.php/icee/article/view/709
Section
Research Articles
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How to Cite
SANTILLAN, Vanessa I.; CALLAMAN, Roar A.; ENGLIS, Tess P..
Development and Validation of the Parental Involvement Scale (PIS).
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 16, n. 4, p. 45-57, dec. 2023.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-16-No-4-2023-45-57>. Date accessed: 30 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2023.34.