Applying Multiple Deprivation Index in Thailand: Concept and Measurement
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Published
Dec 15, 2023
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Abstract
Many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to achieve equity and inclusivity, regardless of gender, socioeconomic status, or living conditions, to improve people’s lives. In advanced economies, indices monitoring social equity, such as the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), are being developed. The index provides serial policy-oriented pictures through domains of income, employment, education, health, housing, and environment disparities. This article describes concepts underlying the developments of the index to monitor improvements of justice in society through the mentioned domains. The article further examines measurement methods, and feasibility of data sources for calculating or updating the index for future use. The current study suggests that IMD in Thailand could be compiled at the district level, covering a larger area than was originally developed. Importantly, other data sectors allow for the future development of smaller area interventions.
Keywords: Index of Multiple Deprivation, Thailand, Concept, Measurement, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
References
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Carr-Hill, R., Chalmers-Dixon, P., Lin, J., & Britain, G. (2005). The Public Health Observatory Handbook of Health Inequalities Measurement. Oxford: South East Public Health Observatory.
Chamboko, R., Re, A., & Guvuriro, S. (2017). Mapping Patterns of Multiple Deprivation in Namibia. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 2486-2499. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2016-0031
Clark, R. A., Coffee, N., Turner, D., Eckert, K. A., Van Gaans, D., Wilkinson, D., ... Tonkin, A. M. (2012). Application of Geographic Modeling Techniques to Quantify Spatial Access to Health Services Before and After an Acute Cardiac Event, The Cardiac Accessibility and Remoteness Index for Australia (ARIA) Project. Circulation, 125(16), 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.083394
Exeter, D. J., Zhao, J., Crengle, S., Lee, A., & Browne, M. (2017). The New Zealand Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): A New Suite of Indicators for Social and Health Research in Aotearoa, New Zealand. PLoS One, 12(8), e0181260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181260
Fairburn, J., Maier, W., & Braubach, M. (2016). Incorporating Environmental Justice into Second Generation Indices of Multiple Deprivation: Lessons from the UK and Progress Internationally. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(8), 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080750
Gordon, D. (2003). Area-based Deprivation Measures: A UK Perspective. In I. Kawachi, & L. F. Berkman (Eds.), Neighborhoods and Health (pp. 179-208). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138382.003.0008
Hofmeister, C., Maier, W., Mielck, A., Stahl, L., Breckenkamp, J., & Razum, O. (2016). Regional Deprivation in Germany: Nation-wide Analysis of Its Association with Mortality Using the German Index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD). Gesundheitswesen, 78(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1390421
IJpelaar, J., Power, T., & Green, B. (2019). Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measures 2017. Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, XLVIII, 163-174.
Jarman, B. (1983). Identification of Underprivileged Areas. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 286(6379), 1705-0709. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.286.6379.1705
Jones, L. (2015). Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2014: A Guide to Analysing Deprivation in Rural Areas. Cardiff: Welsh Government.
Kearns, A., Gibb, K., & Mackay, D. (2000). Area Deprivation in Scotland: A New Assessment. Urban Studies, 37(9), 1535-1559. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43196578
Kuznetsov, L., Maier, W., Hunger, M., Meyer, M., & Mielck, A. (2012). Regional Deprivation in Bavaria, Germany: Linking a New Deprivation Score with Registry Data for Lung and Colorectal Cancer. International Journal of Public Health, 57, 827-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0342-4
Lloyd, C. D., Norman, P. D., & McLennan, D. (2023). Deprivation in England, 1971–2020. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 16(1), 461-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-022-09486-8
Maier, W. (2017). Indices of Multiple Deprivation for the Analysis of Regional Health Disparities in Germany: Experiences from Epidemiology and Healthcare Research. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 60(12), 1403-1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-017-2646-2
Maier, W., Fairburn, J., & Mielck, A. (2012). Regional Deprivation and Mortality in Bavaria. Development of a Community-based Index of Multiple Deprivation. Das Gesundheitswesen, 74(07), 416-425. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1280846
McLennan, D., Barnes, H., Noble, M., Davies, J., Garratt, E., & Dibben, C. (2011). The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 (Technical Report). London, UK.: Department for Communities and Local Government.
McLennan, D., Noble, S., Noble, M., Plunkett, E., Wright, G., & Gutacker, N. (2019). The English Indices of Deprivation 2019: Technical Report. London: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government.
Morgan, O., & Baker, A. (2006). Measuring Deprivation in England and Wales Using 2001 Carstairs Scores. Health Statistics Quarterly, 31, 28-33. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16972693/
Morris, R., & Carstairs, V. (1991). Which Deprivation? A Comparison of Selected Deprivation Indexes. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 13(4), 318-326. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45160150
Niggebrugge, A., Haynes, R., Jones, A., Lovett, A., & Harvey, I. (2005). The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 Access Domain: A Useful Indicator for Public Health? Social Science & Medicine, 60(12), 2743-2753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.026
Noble, M., Barnes, H., Wright, G., & Roberts, B. (2010). Small Area Indices of Multiple Deprivation in South Africa. Social Indicators Research, 95, 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9460-7
Noble, M., Smith, G. A. N., Penhale, B., Wright, G., Dibben, C., Owen, T., & Lloyd, M. (2000). Measuring Multiple Deprivation at the Local Level: The Indices of Deprivation 2000. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
Noble, M., Wright, G., Smith, G., & Dibben, C. (2006). Measuring Multiple Deprivation at the Small-area Level. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38(1), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37168
Noble, S., McLennan, D., Noble, M., Plunkett, E., Gutacker, N., Silk, M., & Wright, G. (2019). The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 (Research Report). London: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government.
Nolan, L. (2016). The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation. In Presentation for the GSS Methodology Conference (Vol. 6). UK: Office for National Statiatics.
North, R., & Whitworth, A. (2018). Estimating Distributions of Household Income for Middle Layer Super Output Areas in 2011 Using Small Area Estimation Methods (Research Report). UK: Office for National Statistics.
Payne, R. A., & Abel, G. A. (2012). UK Indices of Multiple Deprivation-A Way to Make Comparisons Across Constituent Countries Easier. Health Statistics Quarterly, 53, 1-16.
Sachs, J. D. (2012). From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2206-2211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0
Smith, T., Noble, M., Noble, S., Wright, G., McLennan, D., & Plunkett, E. (2015). The English Indices of Deprivation 2015 (Research Report). London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
Testi, A., Ivaldi, E., & Busi, A. (2011). Genoa Index of Deprivation (GDI): An Index of Material Deprivation for Geographical Areas. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. London: Penguin Books.
Townsend, P. (1987a). Conceptualising Poverty. In Z. Ferge, & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Dynamics of Deprivation (pp. 31-43). Aldershot: Gower.
Townsend, P. (1987b). Deprivation. Journal of Social Policy, 16(2), 125-146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400020341
UNDP. (n.d.). What are the Sustainable Development Goals? Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals
UNDP. (2017). UNDP Support to the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 3. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme.
Whitehead, M. (1991). The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health. Health Promotion International, 6(3), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/6.3.217
Carr-Hill, R., Chalmers-Dixon, P., Lin, J., & Britain, G. (2005). The Public Health Observatory Handbook of Health Inequalities Measurement. Oxford: South East Public Health Observatory.
Chamboko, R., Re, A., & Guvuriro, S. (2017). Mapping Patterns of Multiple Deprivation in Namibia. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 2486-2499. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2016-0031
Clark, R. A., Coffee, N., Turner, D., Eckert, K. A., Van Gaans, D., Wilkinson, D., ... Tonkin, A. M. (2012). Application of Geographic Modeling Techniques to Quantify Spatial Access to Health Services Before and After an Acute Cardiac Event, The Cardiac Accessibility and Remoteness Index for Australia (ARIA) Project. Circulation, 125(16), 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.083394
Exeter, D. J., Zhao, J., Crengle, S., Lee, A., & Browne, M. (2017). The New Zealand Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): A New Suite of Indicators for Social and Health Research in Aotearoa, New Zealand. PLoS One, 12(8), e0181260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181260
Fairburn, J., Maier, W., & Braubach, M. (2016). Incorporating Environmental Justice into Second Generation Indices of Multiple Deprivation: Lessons from the UK and Progress Internationally. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(8), 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080750
Gordon, D. (2003). Area-based Deprivation Measures: A UK Perspective. In I. Kawachi, & L. F. Berkman (Eds.), Neighborhoods and Health (pp. 179-208). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138382.003.0008
Hofmeister, C., Maier, W., Mielck, A., Stahl, L., Breckenkamp, J., & Razum, O. (2016). Regional Deprivation in Germany: Nation-wide Analysis of Its Association with Mortality Using the German Index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD). Gesundheitswesen, 78(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1390421
IJpelaar, J., Power, T., & Green, B. (2019). Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measures 2017. Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, XLVIII, 163-174.
Jarman, B. (1983). Identification of Underprivileged Areas. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 286(6379), 1705-0709. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.286.6379.1705
Jones, L. (2015). Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2014: A Guide to Analysing Deprivation in Rural Areas. Cardiff: Welsh Government.
Kearns, A., Gibb, K., & Mackay, D. (2000). Area Deprivation in Scotland: A New Assessment. Urban Studies, 37(9), 1535-1559. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43196578
Kuznetsov, L., Maier, W., Hunger, M., Meyer, M., & Mielck, A. (2012). Regional Deprivation in Bavaria, Germany: Linking a New Deprivation Score with Registry Data for Lung and Colorectal Cancer. International Journal of Public Health, 57, 827-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0342-4
Lloyd, C. D., Norman, P. D., & McLennan, D. (2023). Deprivation in England, 1971–2020. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 16(1), 461-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-022-09486-8
Maier, W. (2017). Indices of Multiple Deprivation for the Analysis of Regional Health Disparities in Germany: Experiences from Epidemiology and Healthcare Research. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 60(12), 1403-1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-017-2646-2
Maier, W., Fairburn, J., & Mielck, A. (2012). Regional Deprivation and Mortality in Bavaria. Development of a Community-based Index of Multiple Deprivation. Das Gesundheitswesen, 74(07), 416-425. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1280846
McLennan, D., Barnes, H., Noble, M., Davies, J., Garratt, E., & Dibben, C. (2011). The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 (Technical Report). London, UK.: Department for Communities and Local Government.
McLennan, D., Noble, S., Noble, M., Plunkett, E., Wright, G., & Gutacker, N. (2019). The English Indices of Deprivation 2019: Technical Report. London: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government.
Morgan, O., & Baker, A. (2006). Measuring Deprivation in England and Wales Using 2001 Carstairs Scores. Health Statistics Quarterly, 31, 28-33. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16972693/
Morris, R., & Carstairs, V. (1991). Which Deprivation? A Comparison of Selected Deprivation Indexes. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 13(4), 318-326. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45160150
Niggebrugge, A., Haynes, R., Jones, A., Lovett, A., & Harvey, I. (2005). The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 Access Domain: A Useful Indicator for Public Health? Social Science & Medicine, 60(12), 2743-2753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.026
Noble, M., Barnes, H., Wright, G., & Roberts, B. (2010). Small Area Indices of Multiple Deprivation in South Africa. Social Indicators Research, 95, 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9460-7
Noble, M., Smith, G. A. N., Penhale, B., Wright, G., Dibben, C., Owen, T., & Lloyd, M. (2000). Measuring Multiple Deprivation at the Local Level: The Indices of Deprivation 2000. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
Noble, M., Wright, G., Smith, G., & Dibben, C. (2006). Measuring Multiple Deprivation at the Small-area Level. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38(1), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37168
Noble, S., McLennan, D., Noble, M., Plunkett, E., Gutacker, N., Silk, M., & Wright, G. (2019). The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 (Research Report). London: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government.
Nolan, L. (2016). The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation. In Presentation for the GSS Methodology Conference (Vol. 6). UK: Office for National Statiatics.
North, R., & Whitworth, A. (2018). Estimating Distributions of Household Income for Middle Layer Super Output Areas in 2011 Using Small Area Estimation Methods (Research Report). UK: Office for National Statistics.
Payne, R. A., & Abel, G. A. (2012). UK Indices of Multiple Deprivation-A Way to Make Comparisons Across Constituent Countries Easier. Health Statistics Quarterly, 53, 1-16.
Sachs, J. D. (2012). From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2206-2211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0
Smith, T., Noble, M., Noble, S., Wright, G., McLennan, D., & Plunkett, E. (2015). The English Indices of Deprivation 2015 (Research Report). London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
Testi, A., Ivaldi, E., & Busi, A. (2011). Genoa Index of Deprivation (GDI): An Index of Material Deprivation for Geographical Areas. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. London: Penguin Books.
Townsend, P. (1987a). Conceptualising Poverty. In Z. Ferge, & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Dynamics of Deprivation (pp. 31-43). Aldershot: Gower.
Townsend, P. (1987b). Deprivation. Journal of Social Policy, 16(2), 125-146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400020341
UNDP. (n.d.). What are the Sustainable Development Goals? Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals
UNDP. (2017). UNDP Support to the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 3. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme.
Whitehead, M. (1991). The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health. Health Promotion International, 6(3), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/6.3.217
Section
Review Articles
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How to Cite
TONBOOT, Sila; KONGMUANG, Charatdao; PANNARUNOTHAI, Supasit.
Applying Multiple Deprivation Index in Thailand: Concept and Measurement.
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 16, n. 4, p. 19-32, dec. 2023.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-16-No-4-2023-19-32>. Date accessed: 29 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2023.32.