Macroeconomic Factors and the Outpatient Services Utilization Among Elderly in Thailand
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Published
Jan 24, 2023
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Abstract
Economic growth and development lead to advancement in infrastructure, employment and income of people in the province. Such developments allow people in each province to have access to health resources and enjoy health services especially elderly. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the impact of provincial economic factors affecting the elderly’s use of outpatient services in Thailand. Used data were from the standard 43-file databases of the Health Data Center of the Ministry of Public Health, retrieving only those aged 60 years and above. This study was based on 5-year Panel Data from 2015 to 2019 using Fixed Effect Regression estimates. The estimated results revealed that the economic factors affecting access to health services among the elderly were as follows. The number of employed people increased by 1 person, causing the number of outpatient services for the elderly to decrease by 4.5 visits. Gross provincial product in the health category increased by 1 million baht, affecting the number of outpatient services of the elderly by 250 visits. The total consumer price index increased by 1 point, affecting the use of outpatient services by 57,595 visits. The interesting thing was that the price factor did not affect the number of service use, including economic factors or gross provincial product. This study reveals that economic affects the elderly’s access to health services through gross provincial product, employment and price factors. From the results, the upcoming economic development should pay attention to the quality of life of the elderly from service use, especially the use of government welfare system.
Keywords: Macroeconomic Factors, Outpatient Service Utilization, Elderly, Fixed Effect Regression
References
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Hedges, L. V. (1994). Fixed Effects Models. In H. Cooper, & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The Handbook of Research Synthesis (pp. 285-299). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Hill, T. D., Davis, A. P., Roos, J. M., & French, M. T. (2020). Limitations of Fixed-effects Models for Panel Data. Sociological Perspectives, 63(3), 357-369. http://doi.org/10.1177/0731121419863785
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Hsu, Y.-T., & Yang, C.-H. (2017). Universal Coverage Scheme and Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditure: Evidence from Thailand. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 22(2), 309-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2017.1291163
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Kirdruang, P., & Glewwe, P. (2018). The Impact of Universal Health Coverage on Households’ Consumption and Savings in Thailand. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 23(1), 78-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2017.1359893
Kraut, A., Mustard, C., Walld, R., & Tate, R. (2002). Unemployment and Health Care Utilization. In K. Isaksson, C. Hogstedt, C. Eriksson, & T. Theorell (Eds.), Health Effects of the New Labour Market
(pp. 25-42). Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47181-7_4
Kumara, A. S., & Samaratunge, R. (2019). Relationship between Healthcare Utilization and Household Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditure: Evidence from an Emerging Economy with a Free Healthcare Policy. Social Science & Medicine, 235, 112364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112364
Kunz, J. S., Staub, K. E., & Winkelmann, R. (2019). Predicting Fixed Effects in Panel Probit Models. In 2019 World Congress on Health Economics, Basel, Switzerland, 13-17 July 2019. Canada: International Health Economics Association. Retrieved from https://www.healtheconomics.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2019-abstract_book.pdf
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Limwattananon, S., Tangcharoensathien, V., & Prakongsai, P. (2011). Reducing Impoverishment Caused by Costly Health-care Payments: Outcome of Universal Health Care Coverage in Thailand. Journal of Health Systems Research, 5(1), 25-31. Retrieved from https://kb.hsri.or.th/dspace/handle/11228/3154
Limwattananon, S., Tangcharoensathien, V., Tisayaticom, K., Boonyapaisarncharoen, T., & Prakongsai, P. (2012). Why has the Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand Achieved a Pro-poor Public Subsidy for Health Care? BMC Public Health, 12, S6. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-S1-S6
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fmed.2018.00123
McMaughan, D. J., Oloruntoba, O., & Smith, M. L. (2020). Socioeconomic Status and Access to Healthcare: Interrelated Drivers for Healthy Aging. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 231. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231
Meemon, N., & Paek, S. C. (2019). The Impact of Thailand’s Universal Coverage Scheme on Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 19(3), 144-154.
Menon, R., Mollahaliloglu, S., & Postolovska, I. (2013). Toward Universal Coverage: Turkey’s Green Card Program for the Poor. Washington DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13308
Mehrara, M., Musai, M., & Amiri, H. (2010). The Relationship between Health Expenditure and GDP in OECD Countries Using PSTR. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 24, 50-58.
Nemet, G. F., & Bailey, A. J. (2000). Distance and Health Care Utilization among the Rural Elderly. Social Science & Medicine, 50(9), 1197-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00365-2
Nishiura, H., Barua, S., Lawpoolsri, S., Kittitrakul, C., Leman, M. M., Maha, M. S., & Muangnoicharoen, S. (2004). Health Inequalities in Thailand: Geographic Distribution of Medical Supplies in the Provinces. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35(3), 735-740. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15689097/
Nithiapinyasakul, A., Arora, R., & Chamnan, P. (2016). Impact of a 20-Year Collaborative Approach to Increasing the Production of Rural Doctors in Thailand. International Journal of Medical Education, 7, 414-416. http://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.582f.4d3b
Oliver, D., Foot, C., & Humphries, R. (2014). Making Our Health and Care Systems Fit for an Ageing Population. London, UK: King’s Fund London. Retrieved from https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/making-our-health-and-care-systems-fit-ageing-population
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How to Cite
TONBOOT, Sila; WATTANADUMRONG, Bhagaporn; PANNARUNOTHAI, Supasit.
Macroeconomic Factors and the Outpatient Services Utilization Among Elderly in Thailand.
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 16, n. 1, p. 41-55, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-16-No-1-2023-41-55>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2023.4.