Development of Indicators and Content Validity for School Administrators’ Cultural Competency
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Published
Oct 27, 2021
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Abstract
Cultural competency of school administrators is a success factor for school administration in cultural diversity context. Even during the COVID 19 crisis, this competency is highly valued. The research objectives are developing cultural competency indicators for school administrators and verifying content validity of these indicators. This research process divided into two main steps. First was tool development by literature review and the second was tool testing by content validity verifying.
The cultural competency indicators were cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, and cultural sensitivity. There were 56 items having item content validity index at 1 and two items at .8. The content validity for scale index were tested by S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/Ave and the scores were .97 and .99 respectively. These developed indicators have validity and can be used to measure school administrators’ cultural competency. In addition, these indicators should be tested to find the reliability and should be used to conduct an empirical research with sample groups.
Keywords: Indicator, Content Validity, School Administrator, Cultural Competency
References
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Blessett, B., Dodge, J., Edmond, B., Goerdel, H. T, Gooden, S. T., Headley, A. M., Riccucci, N. M., & Williams, B. N. (2019). Social Equity in Public Administration: A Call to Action. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 2(4), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz016
Brancu, L., Munteanu, V., & Golet, I. (2016). Understanding Cultural Intelligence Factors among Business Students in Romania. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221, 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.123
Cifuentes-Faura, J. (2020). The Role of Social Work in the Field of Education during COVID-19. International Social Work, 63(6), 795–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820944994
Cross, T. L., Bazron, B. J., Dennis, K. W., & Isaacs, M. R. (1989). Towards a Culturally Competent System of Care, A Monograph on Effective Services for Minority Children who are Severely Emotionally Disturbed. Washington, DC: CASSP Technical Assistance Center, Georgetown University Child Development Center.
Cumberland, D. M., Herd, A., Alagaraja, M., & Kerrick, S. A. (2016). Assessment and Development of Global Leadership Competencies in the Workplace: A Review of Literature. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422316645883
Dangmei, J. (2016). Cultural Intelligence: Bridging the Cultural Differences in the Emerging Markets. PARIPEX–Indian Journal of Research, 5(9), 284–287. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2847336
Döş, I., & Savaş, A. C. (2015). Elementary School Administrators and their Roles in the Context of Effective Schools. SAGE Open, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824401456740000
Ewoh, A. I. E. (2013). Managing and Valuing Diversity: Challenges to Public Managers in the 21st Century. Public Personnel Management, 42(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026013487048
Galhanone, R. F., Rocha, T. V., Spers, E. E., & Rodrigues, F. (2019). The Influence of Corporate Global Mindset on International Franchising: A Study about Brazilian Franchisors. RAUSP Management Journal, 55(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-08-2018-0069
Gerlach, A. J. (2012). A Critical Refection on the Concept of Cultural Safety. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(3), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2012.79.3.4
Gómez-Ciriano, E. J. (2020). Making Virtue of Necessity. Experiences and Lessons from Spain during Covid-19. Social Work Education, 39(8), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1819974
Hirt, C., Ortlieb, R., Winterheller, J., Bešić, A., & Scheff, J. (2017). Developing International Talents: How Organisational and Individual Perspectives Interact. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(7), 610–627. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2016-0091
Hou, A. Y. C., Hill, C., Chen, K. H.-J., Tsai, S., & Chen, V. (2017). A Comparative Study of Student Mobility Programs in SEAMEO-RIHED, UMAP, and Campus Asia: Regulation, Challenges, and Impacts on Higher Education Regionalization. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 11(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/HEED-08-2017-003
Ingram, R., & Fenton, J. (2020). Creativity and Innovation in Times of Change. Social Work Education, 39(7), 847–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1818939
Khan, N., & Khan, I. A. (2014). Academic Role of a Principal and Continuous Professional Development. Journal of Education and Human Development, 3(2), 925–942.
Malazonia, D., Maglakelidze, S., Chiabrishvili, N., & Gakheladze, G. (2017). Factors of Students’ Intercultural Competence Development in the Context of Georgia. Cogent Education, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1302867
Martínez, A. L. C., Sabiote-Ortiz, C. M., & Rey-Pino, J. M. (2018). The Influence of Cultural Intelligence on Intention of Internet Use. Spanish Journal of Marketing–ESIC, 22(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-04-2018-0024
McCalman, J., Jongen, C., & Bainbridge, R. (2017). Organisational Systems’ Approaches to Improving Cultural Competence in Healthcare: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0571-5
Mustamin, & Yasin, M. A.-M.-Z. (2012). The Competence of School Principals: What Kind of Need Competence for School Success? Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/
10.11591/edulearn.v6i1.188
National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP). (n.d.). The Principal’s Guide to Building Culturally Responsive Schools. Retrieved from https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/NAESP_Culturally_Responsive_Schools_Guide.pdf
Oldfield, K. (2010). Using Critical Theory to Teach Public Administration Students about Social Class in Inequalities. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32(3), 450–472. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2586536
Olubiyi, T. O., Egwakhe, J., & Akinlabi, B. H. (2019). Knowledge Management and Family Business Continuity: The Moderating Effect of Length of Time in Existence. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management, 19(5), 28–35. Retrieved from https://journalofbusiness.org/index.php/GJMBR/article/view/2743
Pang, V. O., Stein, R., Gomez, M., Matas, A., & Shimogori, Y. (2011). Cultural Competencies: Essential Elements of Caring-Centered Multicultural Education. Action in Teacher Education, 33(5–6), 560–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2011.627050
Pevzner, M. N., Sheraizina, R. M., Ushanova, I. A., Petryakov, P. A., & Donina, I. A., (2017). Concepts and Strategies of Cultural Diversity Management at Higher School. Revista ESPACIOS, 38(50), 29–34. Retrieved from https://www.revistaespacios.com/a17v38n50/a17v38n50p29.pdf
Piaw, C. Y., Hee, T. F., Ismail, N. R., & Ying, L. H. (2014). Factors of Leadership Skills of Secondary School Principals. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 5125–5129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1085
Ramdhani, A., Ramdhani, M. A., & Amin, A. S. (2014). Writing a Literature Review Research Paper: A Step-by-Step Approach. International Journal of Basics and Applied Sciences, 3(1), 47–56. Retrieved from http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/5129/1/08IJBAS%283%29%281%29.pdf
Rew, L., Becker, H., Cookston, J., Khosropour, S., & Martinez, S. (2003). Measuring Cultural Awareness in Nursing Students. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(6), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.3928/0148-4834-20030601-07
Rodrigues, I. B., Adachi, J. D., Beattie, K. A., & MacDermid, J. C. (2017). Development and Validation of a New Tool to Measure the Facilitators, Barriers and Preferences to Exercise in People with Osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1914-5
Roysircar, G. (2004). Cultural Self-Awareness Assessment: Practice Examples from Psychology Training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(6), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.6.658
Samuel, A. A., & Okotoni, C. A. (2018). Assesment of Principals’ Communication Styles and Administrative Impact on Secondary Schools in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2(1), 43–48. Retrieved from http://www.ijarp.org/online-papers-publishing/jan2018.html
Schmitz, S., Rebelo, T. M. M. S. D., Gracia, F. J., & Tomás, I. (2014). Learning Culture and Knowledge Management Processes: To what Extent are they Effectively Related? Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 30(3), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2014.11.003
Shepherd, S. M., Willis-Esqueda, C., Newton, D., Sivasubramanium, D., & Paradies, Y. (2019). The Challenge of Cultural Competence in the Workplace: Perspectives of Healthcare Providers. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3959-7
Shrotryia, V. K., & Dhanda, U. (2019). Content Validity of Assessment Instrument for Employee Engagement. SAGE Open, 9(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018821751
Shyu, C.-S., & Hsu, C.-H. (2015). A Study of the Principal’s Cultural Proficiency Integrated in School Management. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 11(2), 20–25. Retrieved from http://www.hraljournal.com/Page/3%20Chin-Shyang%20Shyu.pdf
Sichtmann, C., & Micevski, M. (2018). Attributions of Service Quality: Immigrant Customers’ Perspective. Journal of Services Marketing, 32(5), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-06-2017-0212
Tyler, D. E. (2016). Communication Behaviors of Principals at High Performing Title I Elementary Schools in Virginia: School Leaders, Communication, and Transformative Efforts. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 2(2), 2–16. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1152186
Vakili, M. M., & Jahangiri, N. (2018). Content Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Tools in Educational, Behavioral, and Health Sciences Research. Journal of Medical Education Development, 10(28), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.29252/EDCJ.10.28.106
Williams, C. C. (2006). The Epistemology of Cultural Competence. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 87(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3514
Yaghmale, F. (2003). Content Validity and its Estimation. Journal of Medical Education, 3(1), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.22037/jme.v3i1.870
Anantatmula, V. S. (2010). Impact of Cultural Differences on Knowledge Management in Global Projects. VINE, 40(3/4), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1108/03055721011071377
Bennett, H. (2018). Review of the NZ College of Public Health Medicine Cultural Competency and Safety Framework. Wellington: New Zealand College of Public Health Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.nzcphm.org.nz/media/131696/nzcphm_cultural_competency_proj_final.pdf
Bierwiaczonek, K., & Waldzus, S. (2016). Socio-Cultural Factors as Antecedents of Cross-Cultural Adaptation in Expatriates, International Students, and Migrants: A Review. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(6), 767–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116644526
Blessett, B., Dodge, J., Edmond, B., Goerdel, H. T, Gooden, S. T., Headley, A. M., Riccucci, N. M., & Williams, B. N. (2019). Social Equity in Public Administration: A Call to Action. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 2(4), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz016
Brancu, L., Munteanu, V., & Golet, I. (2016). Understanding Cultural Intelligence Factors among Business Students in Romania. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221, 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.123
Cifuentes-Faura, J. (2020). The Role of Social Work in the Field of Education during COVID-19. International Social Work, 63(6), 795–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820944994
Cross, T. L., Bazron, B. J., Dennis, K. W., & Isaacs, M. R. (1989). Towards a Culturally Competent System of Care, A Monograph on Effective Services for Minority Children who are Severely Emotionally Disturbed. Washington, DC: CASSP Technical Assistance Center, Georgetown University Child Development Center.
Cumberland, D. M., Herd, A., Alagaraja, M., & Kerrick, S. A. (2016). Assessment and Development of Global Leadership Competencies in the Workplace: A Review of Literature. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422316645883
Dangmei, J. (2016). Cultural Intelligence: Bridging the Cultural Differences in the Emerging Markets. PARIPEX–Indian Journal of Research, 5(9), 284–287. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2847336
Döş, I., & Savaş, A. C. (2015). Elementary School Administrators and their Roles in the Context of Effective Schools. SAGE Open, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824401456740000
Ewoh, A. I. E. (2013). Managing and Valuing Diversity: Challenges to Public Managers in the 21st Century. Public Personnel Management, 42(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026013487048
Galhanone, R. F., Rocha, T. V., Spers, E. E., & Rodrigues, F. (2019). The Influence of Corporate Global Mindset on International Franchising: A Study about Brazilian Franchisors. RAUSP Management Journal, 55(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-08-2018-0069
Gerlach, A. J. (2012). A Critical Refection on the Concept of Cultural Safety. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(3), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2012.79.3.4
Gómez-Ciriano, E. J. (2020). Making Virtue of Necessity. Experiences and Lessons from Spain during Covid-19. Social Work Education, 39(8), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1819974
Hirt, C., Ortlieb, R., Winterheller, J., Bešić, A., & Scheff, J. (2017). Developing International Talents: How Organisational and Individual Perspectives Interact. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(7), 610–627. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2016-0091
Hou, A. Y. C., Hill, C., Chen, K. H.-J., Tsai, S., & Chen, V. (2017). A Comparative Study of Student Mobility Programs in SEAMEO-RIHED, UMAP, and Campus Asia: Regulation, Challenges, and Impacts on Higher Education Regionalization. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 11(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/HEED-08-2017-003
Ingram, R., & Fenton, J. (2020). Creativity and Innovation in Times of Change. Social Work Education, 39(7), 847–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1818939
Khan, N., & Khan, I. A. (2014). Academic Role of a Principal and Continuous Professional Development. Journal of Education and Human Development, 3(2), 925–942.
Malazonia, D., Maglakelidze, S., Chiabrishvili, N., & Gakheladze, G. (2017). Factors of Students’ Intercultural Competence Development in the Context of Georgia. Cogent Education, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1302867
Martínez, A. L. C., Sabiote-Ortiz, C. M., & Rey-Pino, J. M. (2018). The Influence of Cultural Intelligence on Intention of Internet Use. Spanish Journal of Marketing–ESIC, 22(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-04-2018-0024
McCalman, J., Jongen, C., & Bainbridge, R. (2017). Organisational Systems’ Approaches to Improving Cultural Competence in Healthcare: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0571-5
Mustamin, & Yasin, M. A.-M.-Z. (2012). The Competence of School Principals: What Kind of Need Competence for School Success? Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/
10.11591/edulearn.v6i1.188
National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP). (n.d.). The Principal’s Guide to Building Culturally Responsive Schools. Retrieved from https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/NAESP_Culturally_Responsive_Schools_Guide.pdf
Oldfield, K. (2010). Using Critical Theory to Teach Public Administration Students about Social Class in Inequalities. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32(3), 450–472. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2586536
Olubiyi, T. O., Egwakhe, J., & Akinlabi, B. H. (2019). Knowledge Management and Family Business Continuity: The Moderating Effect of Length of Time in Existence. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management, 19(5), 28–35. Retrieved from https://journalofbusiness.org/index.php/GJMBR/article/view/2743
Pang, V. O., Stein, R., Gomez, M., Matas, A., & Shimogori, Y. (2011). Cultural Competencies: Essential Elements of Caring-Centered Multicultural Education. Action in Teacher Education, 33(5–6), 560–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2011.627050
Pevzner, M. N., Sheraizina, R. M., Ushanova, I. A., Petryakov, P. A., & Donina, I. A., (2017). Concepts and Strategies of Cultural Diversity Management at Higher School. Revista ESPACIOS, 38(50), 29–34. Retrieved from https://www.revistaespacios.com/a17v38n50/a17v38n50p29.pdf
Piaw, C. Y., Hee, T. F., Ismail, N. R., & Ying, L. H. (2014). Factors of Leadership Skills of Secondary School Principals. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 5125–5129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1085
Ramdhani, A., Ramdhani, M. A., & Amin, A. S. (2014). Writing a Literature Review Research Paper: A Step-by-Step Approach. International Journal of Basics and Applied Sciences, 3(1), 47–56. Retrieved from http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/5129/1/08IJBAS%283%29%281%29.pdf
Rew, L., Becker, H., Cookston, J., Khosropour, S., & Martinez, S. (2003). Measuring Cultural Awareness in Nursing Students. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(6), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.3928/0148-4834-20030601-07
Rodrigues, I. B., Adachi, J. D., Beattie, K. A., & MacDermid, J. C. (2017). Development and Validation of a New Tool to Measure the Facilitators, Barriers and Preferences to Exercise in People with Osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1914-5
Roysircar, G. (2004). Cultural Self-Awareness Assessment: Practice Examples from Psychology Training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(6), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.6.658
Samuel, A. A., & Okotoni, C. A. (2018). Assesment of Principals’ Communication Styles and Administrative Impact on Secondary Schools in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2(1), 43–48. Retrieved from http://www.ijarp.org/online-papers-publishing/jan2018.html
Schmitz, S., Rebelo, T. M. M. S. D., Gracia, F. J., & Tomás, I. (2014). Learning Culture and Knowledge Management Processes: To what Extent are they Effectively Related? Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 30(3), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2014.11.003
Shepherd, S. M., Willis-Esqueda, C., Newton, D., Sivasubramanium, D., & Paradies, Y. (2019). The Challenge of Cultural Competence in the Workplace: Perspectives of Healthcare Providers. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3959-7
Shrotryia, V. K., & Dhanda, U. (2019). Content Validity of Assessment Instrument for Employee Engagement. SAGE Open, 9(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018821751
Shyu, C.-S., & Hsu, C.-H. (2015). A Study of the Principal’s Cultural Proficiency Integrated in School Management. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 11(2), 20–25. Retrieved from http://www.hraljournal.com/Page/3%20Chin-Shyang%20Shyu.pdf
Sichtmann, C., & Micevski, M. (2018). Attributions of Service Quality: Immigrant Customers’ Perspective. Journal of Services Marketing, 32(5), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-06-2017-0212
Tyler, D. E. (2016). Communication Behaviors of Principals at High Performing Title I Elementary Schools in Virginia: School Leaders, Communication, and Transformative Efforts. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 2(2), 2–16. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1152186
Vakili, M. M., & Jahangiri, N. (2018). Content Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Tools in Educational, Behavioral, and Health Sciences Research. Journal of Medical Education Development, 10(28), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.29252/EDCJ.10.28.106
Williams, C. C. (2006). The Epistemology of Cultural Competence. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 87(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3514
Yaghmale, F. (2003). Content Validity and its Estimation. Journal of Medical Education, 3(1), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.22037/jme.v3i1.870
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Research Articles
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How to Cite
TEPAYAKUL, Ruechuta.
Development of Indicators and Content Validity for School Administrators’ Cultural Competency.
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 14, n. 4, p. 46-58, oct. 2021.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-14-No-4-2021-46-58>. Date accessed: 30 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2021.35.