Healthcare Accessibility of Incarcerated Women in Thailand
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Published
Jul 10, 2019
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Abstract
Female inmates are facing higher health risks than males due to physical conditions which cause them to live harder in limited space like in prison. Many articles pointed out that female inmates would have a higher chance of facing greater health sufferings in prison than male. In Thailand, the number of female prisoners reached forty thousand people and is ranked 5th highest rank in the world. Being a prisoner does not make a person less than human; therefore, their human rights shall not be deprived and must prevail. To lift the living standard for female inmates, the United Nations have adopted “the Bangkok Rules” after a prototype prison for women in Thailand has been tested. However, the accessibility to healthcare for female inmates still needs improvements because of high prisoner density. Lack of budget and limited resources also indicate that expanding or building new standard facilities are an unlikely solution. Rather than spending money, we may need to turn and look around what we have, and later develop medical wards that have sufficient resources, while merging the penitentiary's isolated health care system with the national health services. A medical prison ward should start with the minimum standard requirements in regulating professional services needed, and have these initiated, rather than a mere memorandum of understanding between organizations.
Keywords: Healthcare Access, Incarcerated Women, Prison Health, Bangkok Rules, Prison Health Care Reform
References
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Junthong, E. (2017, December 23). World of Prisoner; the 3 Heavens in Prison. Post Today. Retrieved from https://www.posttoday.com/politic/report/531864
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The Economic and Social Council. (2010). United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en
/ecosoc/docs/2010/res%202010-16.pdf
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Wilper, A. P., Woolhandler, S., Boyd, J. W., Lasser, K. E., McCormick, D., Bor, D. H., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2009). The Health and Health Care of US Prisoners: Results of a Nationwide Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 99(4), 666-672.
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org/10.1108/IJPH-04-2016-0009
Bales, W. D., Bedard, L. E., Quinn, S. T., Ensley, D. T., & Holley, G. P. (2005). Recidivism of Public and Private State Prison Inmates in Florida. Criminology & Public Policy, 4(1), 57-82. https://doi.org/10.1111
/j.1745-9133.2005.00006.x
Bangkokbiznews. (2017, December 27). Female Nurses in Male Prison...Her. Bankokbiznews. Retrieved from http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/786611
Bing III, R. L., & Albano, B. (2017). Thailand, Corrections in. In The Encyclopedia of Corrections. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc099
Black, D. W., Gunter, T., Allen, J., Blum, N., Arndt, S., Wenman, G., & Sieleni, B. (2007). Borderline Personality Disorder in Male and Female Offenders Newly Committed to Prison. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(5), 400-405. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d7e1/d7bcf67a6bd31ad20e458a1869b
3557356e3.pdf
Braithwaite, R. L., Treadwell, H. M., & Arriola, K. R. J. (2005). Health Disparities and Incarcerated Women: A Population Ignored. American Journal of Public Health, 95(10), 1679-1681. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.
065375
Cerezo, A. I. (2016). Women in Prison in Spain: The Implementation of Bangkok Rules to the Spanish Prison Legislation. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 23(2), 133-151. Retrieved from https://www.
uma.es/instituto-andaluz-de-criminologia/navegador_de_ficheros/publicaciones-/descargar/women-prison-Spain.pdf
Cheng, L., & Nesossi, E. (2018). Women Detention and Incarceration in China: The 2010 Bangkok Rules, Domestic Humanitarian Values, and Legal-Political Priorities. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, 6(1), 50-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxy003
Colwel, J. (2017). Caring for Prisoners. Retireved from https://acphospitalist.org/archives/2017/10/caring-for-prisoners.htm
Dubois, C., Linchet, S., Mahieu, C., Reynaert, J-F., & Seron, P. (2017). Organization Models of Health Care Services in Prisons in Four Countries. In Health Services Research (HSR). Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). Retrieved from https://kce.fgov.be/sites/default/files/atoms/files/KCE_
293_Prisons_health_care_Chapter_4.pdf
Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea, G., & Udesen, C. (2014). Prisons and Health. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/249188
/Prisons-and-Health.pdf
Fazel, S., & Seewald, K. (2012). Severe Mental Illness in 33 588 Prisoners Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(5), 364-373. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.
111.096370
Fédération Internationale Des Ligues Des Droits De L’Homme. (2017). Behind the Walls: A Look at Conditions in Thailand’s Prisons after the Coup. Retrieved from https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_thailand_688a_
web.pdf
Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2017, December 10). Health is a Fundamental Human Right. In Human Rights Day 2017 [Statement]. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/fundamental-human-right/en/
Hayton, P., & Boyington, J. (2006). Prisons and Health Reforms in England and Wales. American Journal of Public Health, 96(10), 1730-1733. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056127
Health Administrative Department. (2016). The Guidline of Prisoner Healthcare Service System Development in the Prison. Bangkok, Thailand: Borntobe Publishing. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/
1aEHjf0MSa9ahqIXq4tl0U1f0Rob_aiAf/view
HFOCUS. (2018). Songkhla Model the Prototype of Health System Managment for Prisoners. Retrieved from https://www.hfocus.org/content/2018/09/16269
International Federation for Human Right (FIDH). (2017). Female Inmates: Discrimination Behind Bars. In United Nations Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 67th Session, 5 July 2017, Thailand. Retrieved from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%
20Documents/THA/INT_CEDAW_NGO_THA_27718_E.pdf
Junlakan, L. D., Boriboonthana, Y., & Sangkhanate, A. (2013). Contemporary Crime and Punishment in Thailand. In J. Liu, B. Hebenton, & S. Jou (Eds.), Handbook of Asian Criminology (pp. 309-326). New York, NY: Springer.
Junthong, E. (2017, December 23). World of Prisoner; the 3 Heavens in Prison. Post Today. Retrieved from https://www.posttoday.com/politic/report/531864
Marshall, T., Simpson, S., & Stevens, A. (2000). Health Care in Prisons: A Health Care Needs Assessment. Edgbaston, Birmingham: Department of Public Health & Epidemiology, Public Health Building, University of Birmingham. Retrieved from https://insight.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/system/files/documents/Health%20care
%20in%20prisons.pdf
Møller, L., Gatherer, A., Jürgens, R., Stöver, H., & Nikogosian, H. (2007). Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/
99018/E90174.pdf
Moschetti, K., Zabrodina, V., Stadelmann, P., Wangmo, T., Holly, A., Wasserfallen, J-B., Elger, B. S., & Gravier, B. (2017). Exploring Differences in Healthcare Utilization of Prisoners in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. PloS One, 12(10), e0187255. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.
1371/journal.pone.0187255
Parliament. (2017). Correction Act, B.E. 2560. Government: 24. Retrieved from http://library2.parliament.
go.th/giventake/content_nla2557/law21-180260-1.pdf
Singkasailit, W. (2016). Meeting Results: Annual Meeting of Practical Seminar with Medical Staffs 2016. Retrieved from http://www.correct.go.th/meds/index/Download/34446_59.pdf
Supawatanakul, K. (2016, December 14). Women Inmates: Lives without Dignity in Thailand's Female Prisons. Prachatai English. Retrieved from https://prachatai.com/english/node/6773
The Economic and Social Council. (2010). United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en
/ecosoc/docs/2010/res%202010-16.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2011). United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders with their Commentary. In The Bangkok Rules. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Bangkok_Rules_ENG
_22032015.pdf
Walmsley, R. (2017, November 9). World Female Imprisonment List (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.prisonstudies.org/news/world-female-imprisonment-list-fourth-edition
Wilper, A. P., Woolhandler, S., Boyd, J. W., Lasser, K. E., McCormick, D., Bor, D. H., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2009). The Health and Health Care of US Prisoners: Results of a Nationwide Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 99(4), 666-672.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2006, October). Constitution of the World Health Organization (45th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf
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Review Articles
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How to Cite
SRIWICHIAN, Kuntida; TONBOOT, Sila; PANNARUNOTHAI, Supasit.
Healthcare Accessibility of Incarcerated Women in Thailand.
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 1-10, july 2019.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-12-No-3-2019-1-10>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2019.21.