The Development of a Knowledge Sharing Behavior Scale in the Thai Context
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Published
Sep 25, 2018
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Abstract
The main purposes of this study were to investigate a construct of integrated knowledge sharing behavior and consequently to develop a valid and reliable instrument to quantify the knowledge sharing behavior of Thai employees. Therefore, the main procedures of this study were establishing a definition of KSB and its elements, developing a preliminary scale, and testing the quality of the scale. Accordingly, 34 KSB items were initially listed. After being reviewed and revised by experts, 2 items were suggested to be deleted. The 32-item KSB scale, then, was used to collect data from 605 hard disk drive employees in four large companies.
Four emerging meaningful constructs of 19-item KSB scale, including explicit knowledge donation, tacit knowledge contribution, reactive knowledge receiving, and proactive knowledge acquiring, were identified by performing an exploratory factor analysis. Consequently, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for validating the scale. The results of the adjusted model displayed good fit with the data (χ2 = 148.67, df = 123, normed chi-square (χ2/df) = 1.21, p-value = 0.06, SRMR = 0.04, RMSEA = 0.03, CFI = 0.99, and TLI = 0.99). In addition, the scale was found to be highly reliable (Cronbach’s alpha of the KSB scale was 0.92) and each item possessed high discriminant value. Further studies should focus on finding score ranges for this 19-item KSB scale with other groups of Thai people and should validate the scale with similar behaviors and other variables.
Keywords: Knowledge Sharing Behavior, Scale Development, Hard Disk Drive Industry, Thai Context
References
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Barnette, J. J. (2000). Effects of Stem and Likert Response Option Reversals on Survey Internal Consistency: If You Feel the Need, There is a Better Alternative to Using those Negatively Worded Stems. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(3), 361-370. doi: 10.1177/00131640021970592.
Bhanthumnavin, D. (2008). Empirical Construction of Multilevel Psychological Sufficiency Scales. Journal of Psycho-Behavioural Science: Thai Behavioural System, 5(1), 122-154.
Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral Intention Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining the Roles of Extrinsic Motivators, Social-Psychological Forces, and Organizational Climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87–111.
Casimir, G., Lee, K., & Loon, M. (2012). Knowledge Sharing: Influences of Trust, Commitment and Cost. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(5), 740-753. doi: 10.1108/13673271211262781
Charusilawong, N. (2015). Thailand Hard-Disk Drive Industry: Impending Challenges and Opportunities on the Horizon. Kasikornthai Econ Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.kasikornresearch.com/en/k-econ
analysis/pages/ViewSummary.aspx?docid =33920
Cheng, M. Y., Ho, J. S. Y., & Lau, P. M. (2009). Knowledge Sharing in Academic Institutions: a Study of Multimedia University Malaysia. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(3), 313-324.
Chow, W. S., & Chan, L. S. (2008). Social Network, Social Trust and Shared Goals in Organizational Knowledge Sharing. Information & Management, 45(7), 458-465.
Churchill, Jr. G. A. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A Review and Evaluation of Exploratory Factor Analysis Practices in Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147-168.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from your Analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. doi: 10.
1177/1094428103251541
Cristobal, E., Flavián, C., & Guinalíu, M. (2007). Perceived e-Service Quality (PeSQ): Measurement Validation and Effects on Consumer Satisfaction and Web Site Loyalty. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17(3), 317-340. doi: 10.1108/09604520710744326
Cummins, R. A., & Gullone, E. (2000). Why we should not use 5-Point Likert Scales: The Case for Subjective Quality of Life Measurement. In Proceedings, Second International Conference on Quality of Life in Cities (pp. 74-93). Singapore: National University of Singapore.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Davoudi, M., & Sadeghi, N. A. (2015). A Systematic Review of Research on Questioning as a High-Level Cognitive Strategy. English Language Teaching, 8(10), 76-90.
Dekoulou, P., & Trivellas, P. (2014). Learning Organization in Greek Advertising and Media Industry: A Way to Face Crisis and Gain Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 338–347.
DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Du, R., Ai, S., & Ren, Y. (2007). Relationship between Knowledge Sharing and Performance: A Survey in Xi’an, China. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(1), 38–46.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 11.0 Update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Hair, Jr. J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). United States: Pearson.
He, W., & Wei, K. K. (2009). What Drives Continued Knowledge Sharing? An Investigation of Knowledge-Contribution and -Seeking Beliefs. Decision Support Systems, 46(4), 826-838. Retrieved from https://doi.org
/10.1016/j.dss.2008.11.007
Hinkin, T. R. (2005). Scale Development Principles and Practices. In R. A. Swanson, & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry (pp. 161-179). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Hobday, M., & Rush, H. (2007). Upgrading the Technological Capabilities of Foreign Transnational Subsidiaries in Developing Countries: The Case of Electronics in Thailand. Research Policy, 36(9), 1335-1356. doi: 10.
1016/j.respol.2007.05.004
Hong, D., Suh, E., & Koo, C. (2011). Developing Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Knowledge Sharing based on Conversational Knowledge Management: A Case Study of a Financial Company. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(12), 14417–14427.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. Retrieved from www.ejbrm.com
Huang, C. C., Wang, Y. M., Wu, T. W., & Wang, P. A. (2013). An Empirical Analysis of the Antecedents and Performance Consequences of Using the Moodle Platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3(2), 217-221.
Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R. J., & Williams, L. J. (1997). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Guidelines, Issues, and Alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(6), 667-683.
Jo, S. J., & Joo, B. K. (2011). Knowledge Sharing: The Influences of Learning Organization Culture, Organizational Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(3), 353-364. doi: 10.1177/1548051811405208
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved from ftp://158.208.129.61/suzuki/PP_SEM_3e.pdf
Lu, L., Leung, K., & Koch, P. T. (2006). Managerial Knowledge Sharing: The Role of Individual, Interpersonal, and Organizational Factors. Management and Organization Review, 2(1), 15–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-87
84.2006.00029.x
Matell, M. S., & Jacoby, J. (1971). Is There an Optimal Number of Alternatives for Likert Scale Items? Study I: Reliability and Validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31(3), 657-674. doi: 10.1177/00
1316447103100307
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nonaka, I., & Von Krogh, G. (2009). Perspective-Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Conversion: Controversy and Advancement in Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory. Organization Science, 20(3), 635–652.
Ozlati, S. (2012). Motivation, Trust, Leadership, and Technology: Predictors of Knowledge Sharing Behavior in the Workplace. (Doctoral dissertation). Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California. Retrieved from http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/56/
Pichitkarnkar, T., Pinthapataya, S., & Kengpol, A. (2015). Development of Knowledge Sharing Model in Hard Disk Drive Industry. The Journal of King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 25(3), 475-483. Retrieved from https:doi.org/10.14416/j.kmutnb.2015.05.004
Ramayah, T., Yeap, J. A. L., & Ignatius, J. (2014). Assessing Knowledge Sharing Among Academics: A Validation of the Knowledge Sharing Behavior Scale (KSBS). Evaluation Review, 38(2), 160–187.
Reychav, I., & Weisberg, J. (2010). Bridging Intention and Behavior of Knowledge Sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(2), 285-300.
Riege, A. (2005). Three-Dozen Knowledge-Sharing Barriers Managers must Consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 18-35. doi: 10.1108/13673270510602746
Sauro, J., & Lewis, J. R. (2011). When Designing Usability Questionnaires, Does it Hurt to be Positive? In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems- CHI 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 7-12 May 2011 (pp. 2215-2223). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery.
Schmitt, N., & Stuits D. M. (1985). Factors Defined by Negatively Keyed Items: The Result of Careless Respondents? Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(4), 367-373. doi: 10.1177/014662168500900405
Thailand Board of Investment (BOI). (2017, January). Thailand 4.0 Means Opportunity Thailand. Thailand Investment Review (TIR), 27(1). Retrieved from http://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/TIR_Jan_32824.pdf
Tsang, K. K. (2012). The use of Midpoint on Likert Scale: The Implication for Educational Research. Hong Kong Teachers’ Centre Journal, 11, 121-130.
Vale, R. D. (2013). The Value of Asking Questions. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 24(6), 680–682.
doi: 10.1091/mbc.E12-09-0660
Van Den Hooff, B., & De Ridder, J. A. (2004). Knowledge Sharing in Context: The Influence of Organizational Commitment, Communication Climate and CMC use on Knowledge Sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117-130. doi: 10.1108/13673270410567675
Yang, B. (2005). Factor Analysis Methods. In R. A. Swanson, & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry (pp. 181-199). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Yi, J. (2015). A Measure of Knowledge Sharing Behavior: Scale Development and Validation. In J. S. Edwards (Ed.), The Essentials of Knowledge Management, OR Essentials Series (pp. 213-245). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9781137552105_10
80/23311975.2015.1127744
Barnette, J. J. (2000). Effects of Stem and Likert Response Option Reversals on Survey Internal Consistency: If You Feel the Need, There is a Better Alternative to Using those Negatively Worded Stems. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(3), 361-370. doi: 10.1177/00131640021970592.
Bhanthumnavin, D. (2008). Empirical Construction of Multilevel Psychological Sufficiency Scales. Journal of Psycho-Behavioural Science: Thai Behavioural System, 5(1), 122-154.
Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral Intention Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining the Roles of Extrinsic Motivators, Social-Psychological Forces, and Organizational Climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87–111.
Casimir, G., Lee, K., & Loon, M. (2012). Knowledge Sharing: Influences of Trust, Commitment and Cost. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(5), 740-753. doi: 10.1108/13673271211262781
Charusilawong, N. (2015). Thailand Hard-Disk Drive Industry: Impending Challenges and Opportunities on the Horizon. Kasikornthai Econ Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.kasikornresearch.com/en/k-econ
analysis/pages/ViewSummary.aspx?docid =33920
Cheng, M. Y., Ho, J. S. Y., & Lau, P. M. (2009). Knowledge Sharing in Academic Institutions: a Study of Multimedia University Malaysia. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(3), 313-324.
Chow, W. S., & Chan, L. S. (2008). Social Network, Social Trust and Shared Goals in Organizational Knowledge Sharing. Information & Management, 45(7), 458-465.
Churchill, Jr. G. A. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A Review and Evaluation of Exploratory Factor Analysis Practices in Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147-168.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from your Analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. doi: 10.
1177/1094428103251541
Cristobal, E., Flavián, C., & Guinalíu, M. (2007). Perceived e-Service Quality (PeSQ): Measurement Validation and Effects on Consumer Satisfaction and Web Site Loyalty. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17(3), 317-340. doi: 10.1108/09604520710744326
Cummins, R. A., & Gullone, E. (2000). Why we should not use 5-Point Likert Scales: The Case for Subjective Quality of Life Measurement. In Proceedings, Second International Conference on Quality of Life in Cities (pp. 74-93). Singapore: National University of Singapore.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Davoudi, M., & Sadeghi, N. A. (2015). A Systematic Review of Research on Questioning as a High-Level Cognitive Strategy. English Language Teaching, 8(10), 76-90.
Dekoulou, P., & Trivellas, P. (2014). Learning Organization in Greek Advertising and Media Industry: A Way to Face Crisis and Gain Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 338–347.
DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Du, R., Ai, S., & Ren, Y. (2007). Relationship between Knowledge Sharing and Performance: A Survey in Xi’an, China. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(1), 38–46.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 11.0 Update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Hair, Jr. J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). United States: Pearson.
He, W., & Wei, K. K. (2009). What Drives Continued Knowledge Sharing? An Investigation of Knowledge-Contribution and -Seeking Beliefs. Decision Support Systems, 46(4), 826-838. Retrieved from https://doi.org
/10.1016/j.dss.2008.11.007
Hinkin, T. R. (2005). Scale Development Principles and Practices. In R. A. Swanson, & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry (pp. 161-179). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Hobday, M., & Rush, H. (2007). Upgrading the Technological Capabilities of Foreign Transnational Subsidiaries in Developing Countries: The Case of Electronics in Thailand. Research Policy, 36(9), 1335-1356. doi: 10.
1016/j.respol.2007.05.004
Hong, D., Suh, E., & Koo, C. (2011). Developing Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Knowledge Sharing based on Conversational Knowledge Management: A Case Study of a Financial Company. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(12), 14417–14427.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. Retrieved from www.ejbrm.com
Huang, C. C., Wang, Y. M., Wu, T. W., & Wang, P. A. (2013). An Empirical Analysis of the Antecedents and Performance Consequences of Using the Moodle Platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3(2), 217-221.
Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R. J., & Williams, L. J. (1997). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Guidelines, Issues, and Alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(6), 667-683.
Jo, S. J., & Joo, B. K. (2011). Knowledge Sharing: The Influences of Learning Organization Culture, Organizational Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(3), 353-364. doi: 10.1177/1548051811405208
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved from ftp://158.208.129.61/suzuki/PP_SEM_3e.pdf
Lu, L., Leung, K., & Koch, P. T. (2006). Managerial Knowledge Sharing: The Role of Individual, Interpersonal, and Organizational Factors. Management and Organization Review, 2(1), 15–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-87
84.2006.00029.x
Matell, M. S., & Jacoby, J. (1971). Is There an Optimal Number of Alternatives for Likert Scale Items? Study I: Reliability and Validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31(3), 657-674. doi: 10.1177/00
1316447103100307
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nonaka, I., & Von Krogh, G. (2009). Perspective-Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Conversion: Controversy and Advancement in Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory. Organization Science, 20(3), 635–652.
Ozlati, S. (2012). Motivation, Trust, Leadership, and Technology: Predictors of Knowledge Sharing Behavior in the Workplace. (Doctoral dissertation). Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California. Retrieved from http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/56/
Pichitkarnkar, T., Pinthapataya, S., & Kengpol, A. (2015). Development of Knowledge Sharing Model in Hard Disk Drive Industry. The Journal of King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 25(3), 475-483. Retrieved from https:doi.org/10.14416/j.kmutnb.2015.05.004
Ramayah, T., Yeap, J. A. L., & Ignatius, J. (2014). Assessing Knowledge Sharing Among Academics: A Validation of the Knowledge Sharing Behavior Scale (KSBS). Evaluation Review, 38(2), 160–187.
Reychav, I., & Weisberg, J. (2010). Bridging Intention and Behavior of Knowledge Sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(2), 285-300.
Riege, A. (2005). Three-Dozen Knowledge-Sharing Barriers Managers must Consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 18-35. doi: 10.1108/13673270510602746
Sauro, J., & Lewis, J. R. (2011). When Designing Usability Questionnaires, Does it Hurt to be Positive? In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems- CHI 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 7-12 May 2011 (pp. 2215-2223). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery.
Schmitt, N., & Stuits D. M. (1985). Factors Defined by Negatively Keyed Items: The Result of Careless Respondents? Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(4), 367-373. doi: 10.1177/014662168500900405
Thailand Board of Investment (BOI). (2017, January). Thailand 4.0 Means Opportunity Thailand. Thailand Investment Review (TIR), 27(1). Retrieved from http://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/TIR_Jan_32824.pdf
Tsang, K. K. (2012). The use of Midpoint on Likert Scale: The Implication for Educational Research. Hong Kong Teachers’ Centre Journal, 11, 121-130.
Vale, R. D. (2013). The Value of Asking Questions. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 24(6), 680–682.
doi: 10.1091/mbc.E12-09-0660
Van Den Hooff, B., & De Ridder, J. A. (2004). Knowledge Sharing in Context: The Influence of Organizational Commitment, Communication Climate and CMC use on Knowledge Sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117-130. doi: 10.1108/13673270410567675
Yang, B. (2005). Factor Analysis Methods. In R. A. Swanson, & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry (pp. 181-199). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Yi, J. (2015). A Measure of Knowledge Sharing Behavior: Scale Development and Validation. In J. S. Edwards (Ed.), The Essentials of Knowledge Management, OR Essentials Series (pp. 213-245). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9781137552105_10
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How to Cite
CHUYMANEE, Kotchaworn; SOROD, Bung-on.
The Development of a Knowledge Sharing Behavior Scale in the Thai Context.
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 11, n. 3, p. 27-38, sep. 2018.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-11-No-3-2018-27-38>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2018.13.