Victimization of Workplace Bullying: A Prior Study of a Development of a Tool to Measure Victimization of Bullying and Its Validation with Neuroticism Trait
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Published
Nov 7, 2019
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a tool that could be used to measure the victimization of bullying in terms of physical, emotional, relational, and cyberbullying. The tool consisted of 40 items that were developed based on the definition and examples of the four types of bullying which each type having a total of 10 items. The tool was used to collect data from 193 white-collar employees working in Thai organizations in urban areas. The tool had high reliability from the questionnaires regarding to physical, emotional, relational, and cyberbullying, as the value of reliability was over .90. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the four factors or types could be considered as a good fit model, as the results of each indicator passed all the criteria of the goodness of fit indices. In addition, path analysis was performed in order to verify the questionnaires with neuroticism trait, and the results indicated a good fit model. The results from the path analysis and correlation analysis indicated that neuroticism could be considered as a factor that could influence an individual to be victimized. The limitations of this study, recommendations for future research and organization to reduce bullying in workplace were presented in the final part of the paper.
Keywords: Bullying, Victim, Workplace Bullying, Scale Development
References
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Bonanno, R. A., & Hymel, S. (2013). Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond
the Impact of Traditional Forms of Bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 685-697.
DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1
Brooks, Y., Bien, S. R., LMFT, & LPCC. (2016). Bully Prevention Tips for Teens: 18 Powerful Ways to Protect Yourself through High School. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.
Charilaos, K., Michael, G., Chryssa, B.-T., Panagiota, D., George, C. P., & Christina, D. (2015). Validation
of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) in a Sample of Greek Teachers. Psychology, 6(1), 63-74.
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Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting Workplace Victim Status from Personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3), 335-349. DOI: 10.1080/135943200417957
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24-44. DOI: 10.1080/02678370902815673
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Copper, C. (2010). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research and Practice (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and Preventing Bullying. Crime and Justice, 17, 381-458. https://
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Georgakopoulos, A., Wilkin, L. V., & Kent, B. (2011). Workplace Bullying: A Complex Problem in Contemporary Organizations. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(3), 1-20. Retrieved from http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol._2_No._3_[Special_Issue_-_January_2011]/1.pdf
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Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. DOI: 10.21427/D7CF7R
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Kim, H., Ku, B., Kim, J. Y., Park, Y.-J., & Park, Y.-B. (2016). Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Analysis for Validating the Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire for Healthy Subjects. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, (1, article 7), 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2016/2696019
Lines, D. (2008). The Bullies: Understanding Bullies and Bullying. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publisher.
Makarem, N. N., Tavitian-Elmadjian, L. R., Brome, D., Hamadeh, G. N., & Einarsen, S. (2018). Assessment of Workplace Bullying: Reliability and Validity of an Arabic Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R). BMJ Open, 8(12), e024009. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024009
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(15th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
McGrath, M. J. (2007). School Bullying: Tools for Avoiding Harm and Liability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
McIntosh, C. N. (2007). Rethinking Fit Assessment in Structural Equation Modelling: A Commentary and Elaboration on Barrett (2007). Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 859-867. DOI: 10.1016/j.
paid.2006.09.020
Mieczynski, N. D. (2008). Cyberbullying: Exploring the Experiences of Mental Health Professionals (Doctoral dissertation). Antioch New England University, Keene, New Hampshire. Retrieved from ProQuest database. (UMI No. 3363844)
Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B., Hoel, H., & Einarsen, S. (2019). Measuring Bullying at Work with the Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire: Identification of Targets and Criterion Validity. Work & Stress, 33(1),
58-75. DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736
Pallesen, S., Nielsen, M. B., Magerøy, N., Andreassen, C. S., & Einarsen, S. (2017). An Experimental Study on the Attribution of Personality Traits to Bullies and Targets in a Workplace Setting. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1045. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01045
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies Move beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169. DOI: 10.1177/1541204006286288
Roland, E. (1989). Bullying: The Scandinavian Research Tradition. In D. P. Tattum, & D. A. Lane (Eds), Bullying in Schools (pp. 21-32). Stoke-on-Trent, UK: Trentham Books.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.509.4258&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Shaw, T. M., Dooley, J. J., Cross, D. S., Zubrick, S. R., & Waters, S. K. (2013). The Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS): Validity and Reliability Estimates for a Measure of Bullying Victimization and Perpetration in Adolescence. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1045-1057. DOI: 10.1037/a0032955
Shih, Y.-C., Liang, S.-F. M., Huang, Y.-H., Lin, Y.-C., & Lin, C.-L. (Eds.). (2012). Ergonomics in Asia: Development, Opportunities and Challenges. In Proceedings of the 2nd East Asian Ergonomics Federation Symposium (EAEFS 2011), National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 4-8 October 2011. The Netherlands: CRC Press.
Smith, P. K., & Sharp, S. (Eds.). (1994). School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives. London, UK: Routledge.
Tattum, D., & Tattum, E. (1992). Social Education and Personal Development. London, UK: Routledge.
Vandenberg, R. J. (2006). Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Where, Pray Tell, Did they get this Idea? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 194-201. DOI: 10.1177/1094428105285506
Verma, J. P. (2013). Data Analysis in Management with SPSS Software. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007
/978-81-322-0786-3_11
Werner, S. (2012). In Safe Hands: Bullying Prevention with Compassion for All. Plymount, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Education.
Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Wongsaichue, T. (2018, April 27). SEM2_อ่านผล SEM กรณี CFA [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tf3XDgy4L8k&t=301s
Besag, V. E. (1989). Bullies and Victims in Schools: A Guide to Understanding and Management. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Bonanno, R. A., & Hymel, S. (2013). Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond
the Impact of Traditional Forms of Bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 685-697.
DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1
Brooks, Y., Bien, S. R., LMFT, & LPCC. (2016). Bully Prevention Tips for Teens: 18 Powerful Ways to Protect Yourself through High School. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.
Charilaos, K., Michael, G., Chryssa, B.-T., Panagiota, D., George, C. P., & Christina, D. (2015). Validation
of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) in a Sample of Greek Teachers. Psychology, 6(1), 63-74.
DOI: 10.4236/psych.2015.61007
Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting Workplace Victim Status from Personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3), 335-349. DOI: 10.1080/135943200417957
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24-44. DOI: 10.1080/02678370902815673
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Copper, C. (2010). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research and Practice (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and Preventing Bullying. Crime and Justice, 17, 381-458. https://
doi.org/10.1086/449217
Field, M. E. (2011). Strategies for Surviving Bullying at Work. Sydney, Australia: Australian Academic Press.
Georgakopoulos, A., Wilkin, L. V., & Kent, B. (2011). Workplace Bullying: A Complex Problem in Contemporary Organizations. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(3), 1-20. Retrieved from http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol._2_No._3_[Special_Issue_-_January_2011]/1.pdf
Govier, T. (2015). Victim and Victimhood. Peterborough, Canada: Broadview Press.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. DOI: 10.21427/D7CF7R
Johnson, J. A. (2014). Measuring Thirty Facets of the Five Factor Model with a 120-Item Public
Domain Inventory: Development of the IPIP-NEO-120. Journal of Research in Personality, 51, 78-89.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.05.003
Kenny, D. A., & McCoach, D. B. (2003). Effect of the Number of Variables on Measures of Fit in Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(3), 333-351. DOI: 10.1207/S15328007SEM1003_1
Kim, H., Ku, B., Kim, J. Y., Park, Y.-J., & Park, Y.-B. (2016). Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Analysis for Validating the Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire for Healthy Subjects. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, (1, article 7), 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2016/2696019
Lines, D. (2008). The Bullies: Understanding Bullies and Bullying. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publisher.
Makarem, N. N., Tavitian-Elmadjian, L. R., Brome, D., Hamadeh, G. N., & Einarsen, S. (2018). Assessment of Workplace Bullying: Reliability and Validity of an Arabic Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R). BMJ Open, 8(12), e024009. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024009
Maskey, R., Fei, J., & Nguyen, H. O. (2018). Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Maritime Research.
The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 34(2), 91-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsl.2018.06.006
Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H., Valentine, S. R., & Meglich, P. A. (2017). Human Resource Management
(15th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
McGrath, M. J. (2007). School Bullying: Tools for Avoiding Harm and Liability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
McIntosh, C. N. (2007). Rethinking Fit Assessment in Structural Equation Modelling: A Commentary and Elaboration on Barrett (2007). Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 859-867. DOI: 10.1016/j.
paid.2006.09.020
Mieczynski, N. D. (2008). Cyberbullying: Exploring the Experiences of Mental Health Professionals (Doctoral dissertation). Antioch New England University, Keene, New Hampshire. Retrieved from ProQuest database. (UMI No. 3363844)
Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B., Hoel, H., & Einarsen, S. (2019). Measuring Bullying at Work with the Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire: Identification of Targets and Criterion Validity. Work & Stress, 33(1),
58-75. DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736
Pallesen, S., Nielsen, M. B., Magerøy, N., Andreassen, C. S., & Einarsen, S. (2017). An Experimental Study on the Attribution of Personality Traits to Bullies and Targets in a Workplace Setting. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1045. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01045
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies Move beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169. DOI: 10.1177/1541204006286288
Roland, E. (1989). Bullying: The Scandinavian Research Tradition. In D. P. Tattum, & D. A. Lane (Eds), Bullying in Schools (pp. 21-32). Stoke-on-Trent, UK: Trentham Books.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.509.4258&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Shaw, T. M., Dooley, J. J., Cross, D. S., Zubrick, S. R., & Waters, S. K. (2013). The Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS): Validity and Reliability Estimates for a Measure of Bullying Victimization and Perpetration in Adolescence. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1045-1057. DOI: 10.1037/a0032955
Shih, Y.-C., Liang, S.-F. M., Huang, Y.-H., Lin, Y.-C., & Lin, C.-L. (Eds.). (2012). Ergonomics in Asia: Development, Opportunities and Challenges. In Proceedings of the 2nd East Asian Ergonomics Federation Symposium (EAEFS 2011), National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 4-8 October 2011. The Netherlands: CRC Press.
Smith, P. K., & Sharp, S. (Eds.). (1994). School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives. London, UK: Routledge.
Tattum, D., & Tattum, E. (1992). Social Education and Personal Development. London, UK: Routledge.
Vandenberg, R. J. (2006). Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Where, Pray Tell, Did they get this Idea? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 194-201. DOI: 10.1177/1094428105285506
Verma, J. P. (2013). Data Analysis in Management with SPSS Software. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007
/978-81-322-0786-3_11
Werner, S. (2012). In Safe Hands: Bullying Prevention with Compassion for All. Plymount, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Education.
Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Wongsaichue, T. (2018, April 27). SEM2_อ่านผล SEM กรณี CFA [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tf3XDgy4L8k&t=301s
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How to Cite
SRIVILAI, Pisa; SOROD, Bung-on.
Victimization of Workplace Bullying: A Prior Study of a Development of a Tool to Measure Victimization of Bullying and Its Validation with Neuroticism Trait.
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 12, n. 4, p. 11-24, nov. 2019.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-12-No-4-2019-11-24>. Date accessed: 18 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2019.32.