Indirect effects of calcium and phosphate ions releasing from Polycaprolactone – Biphasic Calcium Phosphate scaffolds on osteoblastic activities
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate indirect effects of calcium and phosphate ions releasing from the Polycaprolactone (PCL) – Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) scaffolds fabricated by modified Melt Stretching and Multilayer Deposition (mMSMD) technique on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.
Materials and Methods: The scaffolds were prepared as group A; PCL-20%BCP and group B; PCL-30%BCP (%wt). Amount of calcium and phosphate ions releasing from the scaffolds of both groups which immersed in culture medium (α-MEM) were assessed over 30 days. The effects of those ions on proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblasts cell lines (MC3T3-E1) were assessed using ELISA after culturing the cells in the medium with the immersed scaffolds over 21 days. The medium without scaffolds was used as the control group for all experiments.
Results: The release of calcium and phosphate ions from both groups remarkably increased on day 7 (p<0.05) and then stable since day 14. No difference of their releasing profiles between the groups was detected (p>0.05). The accumulative increase of those ions in both groups corresponded to their profiles of the cell proliferation and the levels of osteocalcin (OCN), but, the relationship was not found with the profiles of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The ALP activity of group A increased with time and it was significantly higher than those of group B and the control group on day 21 (p<0.05). In addition, the OCN levels of group A were higher than those of the other groups over the observation period.
Conclusion: PCL-BCP mMSMD scaffolds can sustain the releases of calcium and phosphate ions over the period of bone formation which are essential for supporting proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblasts. Those ions released from the PCL-20%BCP scaffolds would support the early and late phase of osteoblastic differentiation better than the PCL-30%BCP scaffolds, whereas, their effects on the cell proliferation are not different.
Keywords: Scaffold, Biphasic calcium phosphate, Hydroxyapatite, Tricalcium phosphate, calcium and phosphate ions
References
Beck, G. R., Jr., Moran, E., & Knecht, N. (2003). Inorganic phosphate regulates multiple genes during osteoblast differentiation, including Nrf2. Exp Cell Res, 288(2), 288-300.
Bingham, P. J., & Raisz, L. G. (1974). Bone growth in organ culture: effects of phosphate and other nutrients on bone and cartilage. Calcif Tissue Res, 14(1), 31-48.
Dorozhkin, S. V. (2010). Bioceramics of calcium orthophosphates. Biomaterials, 31(7), 1465-1485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.050
Ebrahimi, M., Pripatnanont, P., Suttapreyasri, S., & Monmaturapoj, N. (2014). In vitro biocompatibility analysis of novel nano-biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds in different composition ratios. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 102(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32979
Engelberg, I., & Kohn, J. (1991). Physico-mechanical properties of degradable polymers used in medical applications: a comparative study. Biomaterials, 12(3), 292-304.
Godwin, S. L., & Soltoff, S. P. (1997). Extracellular calcium and platelet-derived growth factor promote receptor-mediated chemotaxis in osteoblasts through different signaling pathways. J Biol Chem, 272(17), 11307-11312.
Lam, C. X., Hutmacher, D. W., Schantz, J. T., Woodruff, M. A., & Teoh, S. H. (2009). Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A, 90(3), 906-919. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jbm.a. 32052
Lei, Y., Rai, B., Ho, K. H., & Teoh, S. H. (2007). In vitro degradation of novel bioactive polycaprolactone—20% tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds for bone engineering. Mater Sci Eng C, 27(2), 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec. 2006.05.006
Lomelino Rde, O., Castro, S., II, Linhares, A. B., Alves, G. G., Santos, S. R., Gameiro, V. S., . . . Granjeiro, J. M. (2012). The association of human primary bone cells with biphasic calcium phosphate (betaTCP/HA 70:30) granules increases bone repair. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 23(3), 781-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4530-1
Ma, S., Yang, Y., Carnes, D. L., Kim, K., Park, S., Oh, S. H., & Ong, J. L. (2005). Effects of dissolved calcium and phosphorous on osteoblast responses. J Oral Implantol, 31(2), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1563/0-742.1
Maeno, S., Niki, Y., Matsumoto, H., Morioka, H., Yatabe, T., Funayama, A., . . . Tanaka, J. (2005). The effect of calcium ion concentration on osteoblast viability, proliferation and differentiation in monolayer and 3D culture. Biomaterials, 26(23), 4847-4855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.006
Nery, E. B., LeGeros, R. Z., Lynch, K. L., & Lee, K. (1992). Tissue response to biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic with different ratios of HA/beta TCP in periodontal osseous defects. J Periodontol, 63(9), 729-735. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1992.63.9.729
Rai, B., Teoh, S. H., & Ho, K. H. (2005). An in vitro evaluation of PCL-TCP composites as delivery systems for platelet-rich plasma. J Control Release, 107(2), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.07.002
Salgado, A. J., Coutinho, O. P., & Reis, R. L. (2004). Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends. Macromol Biosci, 4(8), 743-765. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400026
Schantz, J. T., Hutmacher, D. W., Lam, C. X., Brinkmann, M., Wong, K. M., Lim, T. C., . . . Teoh, S. H. (2003). Repair of calvarial defects with customised tissue-engineered bone grafts II. Evaluation of cellular efficiency and efficacy in vivo. Tissue Eng, 9 Suppl 1, S127-139. https://doi.org/10.1089/10763270360697030
Tay, B. Y., Zhang, S. X., Myint, M. H., Ng, F. L., Chandrasekaran, M., & Tan, L. K. A. (2007). Processing of polycaprolactone porous structure for scaffold development. J Mater Process Technol, 182(1-3), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.07.016
Thuaksuban, N., Nuntanaranont, T., Pattanachot, W., Suttapreyasri, S., & Cheung, L. K. (2011). Biodegradable polycaprolactone-chitosan three-dimensional scaffolds fabricated by melt stretching and multilayer deposition for bone tissue engineering: assessment of the physical properties and cellular response. Biomed Mater, 6(1), 015009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/6/1/015009
Thuaksuban, N., Nuntanaranont, T., Suttapreyasri, S., Pattanachot, W., Sutin, K., & Cheung, L. K. (2013). Biomechanical properties of novel biodegradable poly epsilon-caprolactone-chitosan scaffolds. J Investig Clin Dent, 4(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1626.2012.00131.x