Axiomatic Approach in Developing the Filial Care Theory
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Published
Dec 29, 2020
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Abstract
Filial Piety refers to the special obligations that children have towards their ageing parents, and by extension may include obligations of adopted children and grandchildren. This study aims to design a theory that attempts to explain why filial care responsibility exists and evolves over time. The theory was developed using an axiomatic approach where five axioms were deduced into four emergent propositions. It is theorized that filial care responsibility is a socially-driven act, as its fulfillment is a conformity to implied social contracts in order to ascertain one’s belongingness to a group, and it also promotes the relationship between family members in a form of reciprocated care. As culture and societies advance, values and perceptions toward older persons progress, thus evolving the form of filial care practices, without affecting its essence.
Keywords: Filial Piety, Filial Responsibility, Older Persons, Care of Older Persons, Axiomatic Theory Development
References
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Armstrong, M. J. (2003). Is Being a Grandmother Being Old? Cross-Ethnic Perspectives from New Zealand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 18, 185-202. DOI: 10.1023/B:JCCG.0000003089.53598.73
Ayala, F. J. (2010). The Difference of Being Human: Morality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(Suppl. 2), 9015-9022. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914616107
Bai, X. (2014). Images of Ageing in Society: A Literature Review. Journal of Population Ageing, 7(3), 231-253. DOI: 10.1007/s12062-014-9103-x
Bettache, K. (2015). A Case of Shifting Moral Standards: How Biculturalism Shapes Morality. (Doctoral dissertation). The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Brakman, S. V. (1994). A Philosophical Analysis of Filial Obligations. (Doctoral dissertation). Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
Canda, E. R. (2013). Filial Piety and Care for Elders: A Contested Confucian Virtue Reexamined. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 22(3-4), 213-234. DOI: 10.1080/15313204.2013.843134
Chow, N. (2006). The Practice of Filial Piety and its Impact on Long-Term Care Policies for Elderly People in Asian Chinese Communities. Asian Journal of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 1(1), 31-35. Retrieved from http://www.hkag.org/Publications/AJGG/v1n1/31-T6.pdf
Committee on Family Caregiving for Older Adults, Board on Health Care Services, Health and Medicine Division, & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Family Caregiving Roles and Impacts. In R. Schulz, & J. Eden (Eds.), Families Caring for an Aging America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396401/
Creanza, N., Kolodny, O., & Feldman, M. W. (2017). Cultural Evolutionary Theory: How Culture Evolves and Why it Matters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(30), 7782-7789. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620732114
Darwin, C. (1896). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (New Edition, Revised and Augmented). New York: D. Appleton and Company.
Ding, S. B. (2005). Social Norms, Group Identification, and Conformity: The Difference between Conversion and Compliance on Conformity to Social Norms. (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX.
Dong, X., Zhang, M., & Simon, M. A. (2014). The Expectation and Perceived Receipt of Filial Piety among Chinese Older Adults in the Greater Chicago Area. Journal of Aging and Health, 26(7), 1225-1247. DOI: 10.1177/0898264314541697
Eisler, R., & Levine, D. S. (2002). Nurture, Nature, and Caring: We are not Prisoners of our Genes. Brain & Mind, 3(1), 9–52. DOI: 10.1023/A:1016553723748
Ellemers, N., van der Toorn, J., Paunov, Y., & van Leeuwen, T. (2019). The Psychology of Morality: A Review and Analysis of Empirical Studies Published from 1940 through 2017. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(4), 332-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318811759
Ethics Unwrapped, McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin. (n.d.). Moral Reasoning. Retrieved from https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/moral-reasoning
Fruhauf, C. A., Jarrott, S. E., & Allen, K. R. (2006). Grandchildren’s Perceptions of Caring for Grandparents. Journal of Family Issues, 27(7), 887–911. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X05286019
Hsu, H.-C. (2017). Parent-Child Relationship and Filial Piety Affect Parental Health and Well-Being. Sociology and Anthropology, 5(5), 404-411. DOI: 10.13189/sa.2017.050504
Johnson, A. G. (2005). The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy (Revised and Updated Edition). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Kite, M. E., Stockdale, G. D., Whitley, B. E., Jr., & Johnson, B. T. (2005). Attitudes toward Younger and Older Adults: An Updated Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 241–266. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00404.x
Kwan, K.-L. K. (2000). Counseling Chinese Peoples: Perspectives of Filial Piety. Asian Journal of Counselling, 7(1), 23–41.
Liu, Y. (2016). Support for Migrant Workers’ Older Parents in Rural China. (Doctoral dissertation). Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham. Retrieved from http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31958
Löckenhoff, C. E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., De Bolle, M., Costa, P. T., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Ahn, C.-K., Ahn, H.-N., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Avdeyeva, T. V., Barbaranelli, C., Benet-Martínez, V., Blatný, M., Bratko, D., Cain, T. R., Crawford, J. T., Lima, M. P., . . . Yik, M. (2009). Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and their Culture-Level Associates. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 941–954. DOI: 10.1037/a0016901
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. DOI: 10.1037/h0054346
Mjelde-Mossey, L. A. (2007). Cultural and Demographic Changes and their Effects Upon the Traditional Grandparent Role for Chinese Elders. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 16(3), 107–120. DOI: 10.1300/10911350802107785
Muraco, J. A. (2019, October 18). 11.7: The Family. Retrieved from https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Book%3A_Psychology_(Noba)/Chapter_11%3A_Social_Part_I/11.07%3A_The_Family
Niţulescu, A. (2016). Characteristics of Attachment in the Development of Humans as Social Beings. Annals of the “Constantin Brâncuși” University of Târgu Jiu, Letter and Social Science Series, (1), 56-59. Retrieved from http://www.utgjiu.ro/revista/lit/pdf/2016-01/10_Nitulescu.pdf
Park, D. M., & Müller, J. C. (2014). The Challenge that Confucian Filial Piety Poses for Korean Churches. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 70(2), 1-8. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v70i2.1959
Pasupathi, M., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2002). Ageist Behavior. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons (pp. 201–246). Boston: The MIT Press.
Schinkel, A. (2012). Filial Obligations: A Contextual, Pluralist Model. The Journal of Ethics, 16(4), 395-420. DOI: 10.1007/s10892-012-9132-8
Singh, A. K. (2015). Tracing the Origin and Evolution of Lactating Characteristic in Mammals. Indian Journal of Life Sciences, 5(1), 135-138.
Stuifbergen, M. C., & van Delden, J. J. M. (2011). Filial Obligations to Elderly Parents: A Duty to Care? Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 14(1), 63-71. DOI: 10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z
Taormina, R. J., & Ho, I. K. M. (2012). Intimate Relationships in China: Predictors Across Genders for Dating, Engaged, and Married Individuals. Journal of Relationships Research, 3, 24-43. DOI: 10.1017/jrr.2012.5
Thompson, K. R. (2006). Axiomatic Theories of Intentional Systems: Methodology of Theory Construction. Scientific Inquiry Journal, 7(1), 13-24. Retrieved from https://aptfrick.sitehost.iu.edu/reports/SIJ-THOMPSON-2.pdf
Traylor, K. L. (1988). Chinese Filial Piety. Bloomington, IN: Eastern Press.
Verbruggen, J. L. (1997). Filial Duties in the Ancient near East. (Doctoral dissertation). The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Yang, F. M. (2004). Filial Expectations and Social Exchange Patterns among Older Taiwanese Parents and their Adult Children. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/2b06b2c9010de3043af8b93cb3d9357b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Yu, C.-P. (1984). Confucian and Biblical Concepts of Filial Piety: Implications for Pastoral Care in the Chinese Church in Taiwan. (Doctoral dissertation). Boston University School of Theology, Boston.
Zhan, H. J., & Montgomery, R. J. V. (2003). Gender and Elder Care in China: The Influence of Filial Piety and Structural Constraints. Gender & Society, 17(2), 209–229. DOI: 10.1177/0891243202250734
Armstrong, M. J. (2003). Is Being a Grandmother Being Old? Cross-Ethnic Perspectives from New Zealand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 18, 185-202. DOI: 10.1023/B:JCCG.0000003089.53598.73
Ayala, F. J. (2010). The Difference of Being Human: Morality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(Suppl. 2), 9015-9022. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914616107
Bai, X. (2014). Images of Ageing in Society: A Literature Review. Journal of Population Ageing, 7(3), 231-253. DOI: 10.1007/s12062-014-9103-x
Bettache, K. (2015). A Case of Shifting Moral Standards: How Biculturalism Shapes Morality. (Doctoral dissertation). The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Brakman, S. V. (1994). A Philosophical Analysis of Filial Obligations. (Doctoral dissertation). Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
Canda, E. R. (2013). Filial Piety and Care for Elders: A Contested Confucian Virtue Reexamined. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 22(3-4), 213-234. DOI: 10.1080/15313204.2013.843134
Chow, N. (2006). The Practice of Filial Piety and its Impact on Long-Term Care Policies for Elderly People in Asian Chinese Communities. Asian Journal of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 1(1), 31-35. Retrieved from http://www.hkag.org/Publications/AJGG/v1n1/31-T6.pdf
Committee on Family Caregiving for Older Adults, Board on Health Care Services, Health and Medicine Division, & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Family Caregiving Roles and Impacts. In R. Schulz, & J. Eden (Eds.), Families Caring for an Aging America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396401/
Creanza, N., Kolodny, O., & Feldman, M. W. (2017). Cultural Evolutionary Theory: How Culture Evolves and Why it Matters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(30), 7782-7789. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620732114
Darwin, C. (1896). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (New Edition, Revised and Augmented). New York: D. Appleton and Company.
Ding, S. B. (2005). Social Norms, Group Identification, and Conformity: The Difference between Conversion and Compliance on Conformity to Social Norms. (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX.
Dong, X., Zhang, M., & Simon, M. A. (2014). The Expectation and Perceived Receipt of Filial Piety among Chinese Older Adults in the Greater Chicago Area. Journal of Aging and Health, 26(7), 1225-1247. DOI: 10.1177/0898264314541697
Eisler, R., & Levine, D. S. (2002). Nurture, Nature, and Caring: We are not Prisoners of our Genes. Brain & Mind, 3(1), 9–52. DOI: 10.1023/A:1016553723748
Ellemers, N., van der Toorn, J., Paunov, Y., & van Leeuwen, T. (2019). The Psychology of Morality: A Review and Analysis of Empirical Studies Published from 1940 through 2017. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(4), 332-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318811759
Ethics Unwrapped, McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin. (n.d.). Moral Reasoning. Retrieved from https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/moral-reasoning
Fruhauf, C. A., Jarrott, S. E., & Allen, K. R. (2006). Grandchildren’s Perceptions of Caring for Grandparents. Journal of Family Issues, 27(7), 887–911. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X05286019
Hsu, H.-C. (2017). Parent-Child Relationship and Filial Piety Affect Parental Health and Well-Being. Sociology and Anthropology, 5(5), 404-411. DOI: 10.13189/sa.2017.050504
Johnson, A. G. (2005). The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy (Revised and Updated Edition). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Kite, M. E., Stockdale, G. D., Whitley, B. E., Jr., & Johnson, B. T. (2005). Attitudes toward Younger and Older Adults: An Updated Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 241–266. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00404.x
Kwan, K.-L. K. (2000). Counseling Chinese Peoples: Perspectives of Filial Piety. Asian Journal of Counselling, 7(1), 23–41.
Liu, Y. (2016). Support for Migrant Workers’ Older Parents in Rural China. (Doctoral dissertation). Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham. Retrieved from http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31958
Löckenhoff, C. E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., De Bolle, M., Costa, P. T., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Ahn, C.-K., Ahn, H.-N., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Avdeyeva, T. V., Barbaranelli, C., Benet-Martínez, V., Blatný, M., Bratko, D., Cain, T. R., Crawford, J. T., Lima, M. P., . . . Yik, M. (2009). Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and their Culture-Level Associates. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 941–954. DOI: 10.1037/a0016901
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. DOI: 10.1037/h0054346
Mjelde-Mossey, L. A. (2007). Cultural and Demographic Changes and their Effects Upon the Traditional Grandparent Role for Chinese Elders. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 16(3), 107–120. DOI: 10.1300/10911350802107785
Muraco, J. A. (2019, October 18). 11.7: The Family. Retrieved from https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Book%3A_Psychology_(Noba)/Chapter_11%3A_Social_Part_I/11.07%3A_The_Family
Niţulescu, A. (2016). Characteristics of Attachment in the Development of Humans as Social Beings. Annals of the “Constantin Brâncuși” University of Târgu Jiu, Letter and Social Science Series, (1), 56-59. Retrieved from http://www.utgjiu.ro/revista/lit/pdf/2016-01/10_Nitulescu.pdf
Park, D. M., & Müller, J. C. (2014). The Challenge that Confucian Filial Piety Poses for Korean Churches. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 70(2), 1-8. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v70i2.1959
Pasupathi, M., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2002). Ageist Behavior. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons (pp. 201–246). Boston: The MIT Press.
Schinkel, A. (2012). Filial Obligations: A Contextual, Pluralist Model. The Journal of Ethics, 16(4), 395-420. DOI: 10.1007/s10892-012-9132-8
Singh, A. K. (2015). Tracing the Origin and Evolution of Lactating Characteristic in Mammals. Indian Journal of Life Sciences, 5(1), 135-138.
Stuifbergen, M. C., & van Delden, J. J. M. (2011). Filial Obligations to Elderly Parents: A Duty to Care? Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 14(1), 63-71. DOI: 10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z
Taormina, R. J., & Ho, I. K. M. (2012). Intimate Relationships in China: Predictors Across Genders for Dating, Engaged, and Married Individuals. Journal of Relationships Research, 3, 24-43. DOI: 10.1017/jrr.2012.5
Thompson, K. R. (2006). Axiomatic Theories of Intentional Systems: Methodology of Theory Construction. Scientific Inquiry Journal, 7(1), 13-24. Retrieved from https://aptfrick.sitehost.iu.edu/reports/SIJ-THOMPSON-2.pdf
Traylor, K. L. (1988). Chinese Filial Piety. Bloomington, IN: Eastern Press.
Verbruggen, J. L. (1997). Filial Duties in the Ancient near East. (Doctoral dissertation). The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Yang, F. M. (2004). Filial Expectations and Social Exchange Patterns among Older Taiwanese Parents and their Adult Children. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/2b06b2c9010de3043af8b93cb3d9357b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Yu, C.-P. (1984). Confucian and Biblical Concepts of Filial Piety: Implications for Pastoral Care in the Chinese Church in Taiwan. (Doctoral dissertation). Boston University School of Theology, Boston.
Zhan, H. J., & Montgomery, R. J. V. (2003). Gender and Elder Care in China: The Influence of Filial Piety and Structural Constraints. Gender & Society, 17(2), 209–229. DOI: 10.1177/0891243202250734
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How to Cite
UY, Huemer O.; PALOMPON, Daisy R..
Axiomatic Approach in Developing the Filial Care Theory.
Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 61-70, dec. 2020.
ISSN 2985-0231.
Available at: <https://www.journal.nu.ac.th/JCDR/article/view/Vol-14-No-1-2021-61-70>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14456/jcdr-hs.2021.6.